Move On Units 5-8

                             UNIT 5 REPORTED SPEECH

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Direct and Reported Speech
A) DIRECT SPEECH: words actually spoken; quotation marks. B) REPORTED SPEECH: we only give the meaning of what was said; no quotation marks .
C) TELL or SAY?	TELL + IO + DO	SAY + DO / SAY + TO + IO+ DO
TELL always has an indirect object, except in some expressions like tell the time, tell the truth . ..
Changes in Reported Speech
A) Changes of PERSON, TIME and PLACE depend on changes in the situation. The most important changes are:
Pronouns I / we................................... he, she / they Time tomorrow ............................ the next / following day yesterday ........................... the day before now .................................... then today / tonight ..................... that day / night this morning ........................ that morning on / next Tuesday ............... the following Tuesday last Tuesday ....................... the previous Tuesday the day after tomorrow.......... in two days time ago...................................... before Place here .................................... there Demonstratives this / that ............................ the
B) TENSE CHANGE: (BACKSHIFT) Tense change depends on whether the introductory verb is present or past.
- If the introductory verb is present, there is no tense change. - If the introductory verb is past, there is often a tense change. If the statement is up to date when we report it, we can leave the same tense or change it. We change the tense if we think the statement may be untrue. In news reports, the tense usually changes.
Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present ......... Simple Past WILL ...................... WOULD Present Continuous .. Past Continuous CAN ....................... COULD Simple Past ............. Past Perf/S. Past* MAY ...................... MIGHT Past Continuous ...... Past Perf/Past Cont.* MUST .................... HAD TO/MUST (deduction) Present Perfect ........ Past Perfect WOULD NO CHANGE Past Perfect ............ Past Perfect COULD MIGHT SHOULD OUGHT TO
Reported statements Subject+said/told+IO+ (that)+ S*+V*+O* E.g.   He said"My sister is blond"      He said (that) his sister was blond                                                            He told me (that) his sister was blond. * See changes above   A) Reporting verbs: SAY, TELL, ANNOUNCE, EXCLAIM,... B) Introduced by THAT (it can be omitted) C) Pronoun, verb and adverb change Reported questions Subject+asked +(IO)+ wh-question+S*+V*+O* E.g. He said,"Where's the book?" Hea asked(me) where the book was. Subject+asked+(IO)+ IF/Whether + S*+V*+O* E.g. He said," Have you seen John?" He asked (me) if I had seen John. A) Reporting verbs: ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW B) WH-QUESTIONS: introduced by an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN (it cannot be omitted) C) YES/NO QUESIONS: introduced by IF or WHETHER (they cannot be omitted) D) Pronoun, verb and adverb change.Word order changes E) EMBEDDED QUESTIONS: Could you tell me ...? Do you know ...? Reported functions (requests, orders, offers, ...) Subject+asked/told ...+IO+(not)+to-infinitive He said," Go away" He told me to go away He said, Please, forgive me!" He asked em to forgive him A) REQUESTS: - Reporting verb: ASK, BEG ... - Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE B) ORDERS: - Reporting verbs: TELL, ORDER, COMMAND ... - Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE C) OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS ... OFFER PROMISE AGREE REFUSE THREATEN REMIND ADVISE INVITE + TO-INFINITIVE SUGGEST ADMIT INSIST ON APOLOGIZE FOR + -ING D) PROMISE THAT, AGREE THAT ... PROMISE AGREE REMIND WARN ADVISE ADMIT INSIST + THAT + CLAUSE

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/liaison.php?liaison=_direct_  

 

DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

 

REPORTED SPEECH

 

 

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:

• by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
• by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct Speech

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation

Examples:

• She says "What time will you be home?"
• She said "What time will you be home?"
• and I said "I don't know! "
• "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
• John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
•  

Reported Speech
 
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." --She said that she had seen him.

• 'That' may be omitted:
• She told him that she was happy.
• She told him she was happy.
• 'Say' and 'tell':
• Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
• He said that he was tired.
•  
• Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
  He told me that he was tired.
•  
  'Talk' and 'speak' are used:
• to describe the action of communicating:
  He talked to us.
  She was speaking on the telephone.
• with 'about' to refer to what was said:
  He talked (to us) about his parents.
•  

CHANGE OF TIME AND PLACE REFERENCE

Time/place references are also changed in reported speech

Examples:

"I will see you here tomorrow", she said. --She said that she would see me there the next day.

The most common of these changes are shown below:

Today	that day
"I saw him today", she said.	She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterday	the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.	She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterday	two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.	He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrow	the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said.	He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrow	in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.	They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/year	the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.	She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/year	the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.	He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago	before
"I saw her a week ago," he said.	He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)	that
"I'm getting a new car thisweek", she said.	She said she was getting a new car thatweek.
this/that (adjectives)	the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked.	He asked if I liked the shirt.
here	there
He said, "I live here".	He told me he lived there.

Other changes:

In general, personal pronouns change to the third person singular or plural, except when the speaker reports his own words:

I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours --him/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours --they/their/theirs:

He said: "I like your new car." --He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." --I said that I was going to my friend's house.

TENSE CHANGES

Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:

She said, "I am tired." -- She said that she was tired.

The changes are shown below:

Simple present	Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said.	She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous	Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.	He explained that he was reading a book.
Simple past	Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.	He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday.
Present perfect	Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.	He told me that he had been to Spain.
Past perfect	Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.	He explained that he had just turnedout the light.
Present perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".	They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.	They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future	Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said.	He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous	Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".	She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

NOTE:

1. You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.
   
   He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
   We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
   might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.
   
   We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
   She said that she might bring a friend to the party.

HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES

When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

"I'll pay you the money tomorrow." --
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.

Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.

Examples:

• "I'll be back by lunchtime."
  He promised to be back by lunchtime.
  He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
• "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
  They hoped to arrive in London before nightfall.
  They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
• "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
  He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
  He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.

ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS

1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.
   
   Examples:
   He told me to go away.
   The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
   (The indirect object is the person spoken to.)
   
   Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
   
   Examples:
1. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!". -- The doctor told me to stop smoking.
2. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman. -- The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
3. "Could you please be quiet," she said. -- She asked me to be quiet.
4. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!" -- The man with the gun warned us not to move.
2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
   ask + for + object:
   
   Examples:
1. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. -- She asked for an apple.
2. "Can I have the newspaper, please?" -- He asked for the newspaper.
3. "May I have a glass of water?" he said. -- He asked for a glass of water.
4. "Sugar, please." -- She asked for the sugar.
5. "Could I have three kilos of onions?" -- He asked for three kilos of onions.
3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:
   She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" -- She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.
   
   Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.
   
   Examples:
1. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. --My mothersuggested I see the dentist.
2. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". --The dentistrecommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
3. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." --My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
4. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. --She suggested that I sleepovernight at her house.

Notes:

Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.

QUESTIONS

1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
   
   "Where does Peter live?" --She asked him where Peter lived.
2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:
1. "Do you speak English?" -- He asked me if I spoke English.
2. "Are you British or American?" -- He asked me whether I was British or American.
3. "Is it raining?" -- She asked if it was raining.
4. "Have you got a computer?" -- He wanted to know whether I had a computer.
5. "Can you type?" -- She asked if I could type.
6. "Did you come by train?" -- He enquired whether I had come by train.
7. "Have you been to Bristol before?" -- She asked if I had been to Bristol before.
3. Question words                                                                                                                                                                This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense changes.
4. Examples:
1. "What is your name?" he asked me. -- He asked me what my name was.
2. "How old is your mother?", he asked. -- He asked how old her mother was.
3. The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" --- The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.
4. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. -- She asked what time the train arrived.
5. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. -- She asked when they could have dinner.
6. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" -- The elephant asked the mouse why she was so small.
7. 
   

SUMMARY OF REPORTING VERBS

Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.

1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:

ask know remember

say see

2. Verbs followed by a that-clause:

add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny

doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat

reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn

4. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

decide expect guarantee hope

promise swear threaten

6. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should (but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):

advise beg demand

insist prefer propose

recommend request suggest

8. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:

decide describe discover discuss explain forget guess

imagine know learn realise remember reveal say

see suggest teach tell think understand wonder

10. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive:

advise ask beg command

forbid instruct invite

teach tell warn

GRAMMAR SUMARY

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell' (Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell'). If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• direct speech: “I like ice cream”
• reported speech: She says she likes ice cream

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• direct speech: “I like ice cream”
• reported speech: She said she liked ice cream

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven’t seen Julie”	She said she hadn’t seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I’ll see you later”	She said she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn’t change
Occasionally, we don’t need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• direct speech: “The sky is blue”
• reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue

Click here to practise reported statements 
 
Reported Questions
Okay, so now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

• direct speech: "where do you live?"

How can we make the reported speech here?
In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. Confused? Sorry, maybe this example will help:
So, to look again at the example:

• direct speech: "where do you live?"


• She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple.

How about another example:

• direct speech: "where is Julie?"


• She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.
Here are some more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
“Where is the Post Office, please?”	She asked me where the Post Office was.
“What are you doing?”	She asked me what I was doing.
“Who was that fantastic man?”	She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question word to help us. It's easy, instead use 'if':

• direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?"


• She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question	Reported Question
“Do you love me?”	He asked me if I loved him.
“Have you ever been to Mexico?”	She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
“Are you living here?”	She asked me if I was living here.

Click here to practise reported questions.

Reported Requests
There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For example:

• direct speech: "Close the window, please"
• or: "Could you close the window please?"
• or: "Would you mind closing the window please?"

All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

• reported speech: She asked me to close the window

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request	Reported Request
“Please help me”	She asked me to help her.
“Please don’t smoke”	She asked me not to smoke.
“Could you bring my book tonight?”	She asked me to bring her book that night.
“Could you pass the milk, please?”	She asked me to pass the milk.
“Would you mind coming early tomorrow?”	She asked me to come early the next day.

To report a negative request, use 'not':

• Direct speech: "Please don't be late"
• Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders
And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

• Direct speech: "Sit down!"

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':

• Reported speech: She told me to sit down

Direct Order	Reported Order
“Go to bed!”	He told the child to go to bed.
“Don’t worry!”	He told her not to worry.
“Be on time!”	He told me to be on time.
“Don’t smoke here!”	He told us not to smoke there.

 OTHER REPORTING VERBS

Remember that if we ask for an object we don't need infinitives.

'Can you lend me a pen?' he said.

He asked me for a pen.

Offers: 'Shall I bring you some tea?'

He offered to bring me some tea.

Invitations: 'Would you like to sit down?'

My hostess invited me to sit down.

Advice: My friend said, 'if you travel abroad you should take traveller cheques with you'

My friend advised me to take traveller cheques with me if I travelled abroad.

Warnings: 'Be careful of pickpockets', the policeman said to us.

The policeman warned us to be careful of pickpockets.

Pleas: 'Please, please don't take any risks,' said his wife.

His wife begged/implored him not to take any risks.

Encouragement: 'Go on, apply for the job,' said Jack.

Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job.

Reminders: 'Don't forget to order the wine,' said Mrs Pitt

Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine.

MORE REPORTING VERBS

ACCEPT.- 'O.K. I'll do the job,' he said. = He accepted to do the job 

INTRODUCE.-' Please, Peter, meet Tom.' = He introduced Peter to Tom. 

ACCUSE.- 'You are a thief,' said the manager to him = The manager accused him of being a thief. 

POINT OUT.- 'There are a few mistakes in your essay,' the teacher said. = The teacher pointed out that there were a  few mistakes in my essay.

 

ADMIT.- 'Yes, I stole the money,' he said. = He admitted having stolen the money / that he had stolen...

 

AGREE.- 'You can use my flat while I'm away,' he said. =He agreed to let us use his flat while he was away.

 PROMISE.- 'I will never smoke again,' he said. = He promised never to smoke again.

 

APOLOGIZE.- 'Sorry, I', late,' he said. = He apologized for being late.

PROTEST.- 'I think the Government's work policy is unfair,' the union leader said. = The union leader protested about (against) the Government's work policy.

 

CALL.- 'Ann, come.' = He called Ann.

          'You are a liar, Henry,' he said. = He called Henry a liar. 

PROTEST.- 'It's long past bedtime, child,' said the father. 'Oh, please daddy,' said the child. = The child protested when his father told him to go to bed.

COMPLAIN.- 'The price is too high,' he said. = He complained about the price./ He complained that the price was too high.

 

 REFUSE.- 'I won't lend you any more money,' he said. = He refused to lend me any more money.

CONGRATULATE.- 'Congratulations on your success!' he said to me. = He congratulated me on my success.

 SUGGEST.- 'Why don't we take a holiday in the mountains?' he said.= He suggested taking a holiday in the mountains.

 

DENY.- 'No, I didn't see her yesterday,' he said. = He  denied having seen her the day before / that he had seen...

 

EXCLAIM.-' Ugh, there's a fly in my soup!' he said. = He exclaimed with disgust that there was a fly in his soup.

THANK.- 'Thank you for this splendid meal,' he said to his hostess. = He thanked his hostess for the meal.

EXPLAIN.- 'In the USA, the speed limit is 55 m.p.h..' he said = He explained that in the USA the speed limit is 55 m.p.h. 

THREATEN.- ' If you say another word I will punish you,'

. He threatened his son to punish him if he said another word.

GIVE.- 'Here's your money, John,' he said. = He gave John his money,

BACKSHIFT

www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/reported.htm


EXERCISES (COPY&PASTY /COPIAR Y PEGAR)

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/liaison.php?liaison=_direct_

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech-exercises.html
 
http://ingles.ing.uchile.cl/otros/Reported%20Speech%20Exercises.pdf

http://ies1libertas.edu.gva.es/departamentos/ingles/PDFs/segundob/erepspch2b1.pdf

http://www.miguelmllop.com/grammars/mygrammar/reportedspeech.pdf

http://www.autoenglish.org/generalgrammar/reportedspeech.pdf

http://bachiller.sabuco.com/ingles/eloy/1bach/reported.pdf

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.report.i.htm

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_reported1.htm

http://www.eslpartyland.com/quiz%20center/rptspeech1.htm

http://www.englishlearner.com/tests/report.html

http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/REPORTSP/Rs1.htm

http://elblogdelingles.blogspot.com/2007/02/lesson-33-reported-speech-ii.html

htm http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?05


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?06


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?10

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?11


http://www.eslpartyland.com/quiz%20center/rptspeech1.
 
htm http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/tm-reported1.htm


http://www.ieslosremedios.org/~josefina/english_exercises/reported_speech1.jqz.htm


http://mrc.ltd.free.fr/Reportquestions.htm

http://www.bnv-bamberg.de/home/ulrich.koch/flg/englischinteraktiv/rep-speech-01.htm







REPORTED SPEECH  LISTENINGS:


http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?05

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?06

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?10

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?11


http://www.eslpartyland.com/quiz%20center/rptspeech1.htm 

http://a4esl.org/q/h/9901/tm-reported1.htm

http://mrc.ltd.free.fr/Reportquestions.htm

http://www.bnv-bamberg.de/home/ulrich.koch/flg/englischinteraktiv/rep-speech-01.htm

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/lefg1_reportedspeech1.html


 http://freepdfdb.com/pdf/reported-speech-exercises








 




REPORTED SPEECH EXERCISES

Change the following sentences into reported speech.

1. The spokesman said: “I can’t understand why billiards has been prohibited.”
2. Gihan exclaimed: “We have had too many prohibitions.”
3. The young lady said: “I did not make such a mistake.”
4. She said: “We’ll go and get some food.”
5. Winston Churchill said: “I wake up at six every day”
6. A company representative said: “This probably won’t happen.”
7. A farmer said: “If the situation goes on like this, we will lose the consumers’ confidence for ever”.
8. He added: “We need someone who will realise that celibacy has to be a personal choice”.
9. She said: “I think the amount of immigrants right now is OK, but I don’t think we need any more”.
10. He said: “In Japan paper-folding was valued for its decorative function”.
11. “If I don’t win this game, I will retire,” Kasparov said.
12. The police said: “Youssef planned the World Trade Centre bombing”.
13. She said: “As a woman, my life will change with the new millennium”.
14. “I watched a documentary about dolphins on TV yesterday,” said John.
15. “I’m living the adventure of my life,” Banderas said.
16. Al Gore said: “As a teenager, one of the books that I read was Silent Spring.”
17. “I was taught information technology in this course,” she said.
18. My aunt said: “Single men should drive slowly if they want to live longer”
19. He said: “We are here today to reach consensus”
20. Last week Julia said: “We will meet our new instructor tomorrow”
21. He said to one of them: “Let me see the streets once more before I die. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
22. “Please, don’t say anything to him”, he said.
23. “Don’t talk to me like that,” said his mother.
24. She said: “Don’t smoke if you want to save money.”
25. “Buy me the paper if you’re going out”, Alice asked her brother.
26. He asked: “Do you often play rugby?”
27. The doctor asked: “Do you ever feel this pain in your stomach before meals?”
28. Michael asked her: “Where did you find these trainers?
29. Michael wondered: “Why do I do this every day?”
30. “What time did the film start?” she asked.
31. Her parents asked her: “Why do you want to become a bullfighter?”
32. They asked her mother: “Does he often come home late from school?”
33. The judge asked Karl: “How long have you known the accused? “

ANSWERS

1. The spokesman said that he couldn’t understand why billiards had been prohibited.
2. Gihan exclaimed that they had too many prohibitions.
3. The young lady said that she had not made such a mistake.
4. She said that that they would go and get some food.
5. Winston Churchill said that he woke up at six every day.
6. A company representative said that probably wouldn’t happen.
7. A farmer said that if the situation went on like that they would lose the consumers’ confidence for ever.
8. He added that they needed someone who would realise that celibacy had to be a personal choice.
9. She said that she thought the amount of immigrants at that moment was OK, but she didn’t think they needed any more.
10. He said that in Japan paper-folding had been valued for its decorative function.
11. Kasparov said that if he didn’t win that game he would retire.
12. The police said that Youssef had planned the World Trade Centre bombing.
13. She said that as a woman, her life would change with the new millennium.
14. John said that he had watched a documentary about dolphins on TV the day before.
15. Banderas said that he was living the adventure of his life.
16. Al Gore said that as a teenager, one of the books that he had read had been Silent Spring.
17. She said that she had been taught information technology in that course.
18. My aunt said that single men should drive slowly if they wanted to live longer.
19. He said that they were there that day to reach consensus.
20. Last week Julia said that they would meet their new instructor the following day.
21. He asked one of them to let him see the streets once more before he died, and then he promised to be back in five minutes.
22. He begged her not to say anything to him.
23. His mother told him not to talk to her like that.
24. She advised him not to smoke if he wanted to save money.
25. Alice asked her brother to buy her the paper if he was going out.
26. He asked if he often played rugby.
27. The doctor asked me if I ever felt that pain in my stomach before meals.
28. Michael asked her where she had found those trainers.
29. Michael wondered why he did that every day.
30. She asked what time the film started.
31. Her parents asked her why she wanted to become a bullfighter.
32. They asked her mother if she often came home late from school.
33. The judge asked Karl how long he had known the accused.
ADVANCED LEVEL GRAMMAR & EXERCISES

 
GRAMMAR

Reporting Verbs

When using reported speech, most students learn to use "say" and "tell":
Examples:
John told me he was going to stay late at work.
Peter said he wanted to visit his parents that weekend.
These forms are perfectly correct for reporting what others have said. However, there are a number of other reporting verbs which can more accurately describe what someone has said. These verbs take a variety of structures. The following list gives you reporting verbs in various categories based on sentence structure. Notice that a number of verbs can take more than one form.

verb object infinitive	verb infinitive	verb (that)	verb gerund	verb object preposition gerund	verb preposition gerund
advise encourage invite remind warn	agree decide offer promise refuse threaten	admit agree decide deny explain insist promise recommend suggest	deny recommend suggest	accuse blame congratulate	apologize insist
Examples: Jack encouraged me to look for a new job. They invited all their friends to attend the presentation.	Examples: She offered to give him a lift to work. My brother refused to take no for an answer.	Examples: Tom admitted (that) he had tried to leave early. She agreed (that) we needed to reconsider our plans.	Examples: He denied having anything to do with her. Ken suggested studying early in the morning.	Examples: They accused the boys of cheating on the exam. She blamed her husband for missing the train.	Examples: He apologized for being late. She insisted on doing the washing up.

GRAMMAR EXPANDED

When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can report the direct speech withoutany change of tense:

PAUL (phoning from the station): I'm trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.


В But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes are shown in the following table. (The that has been omittedin the last five examples.)

Direct speech Indirect speech
Simple present Simple past
7 never eat meat, ' he explained = He explained that he never ate
meat.

Present continuous Past continuous
'I'm waiting for Ann, ' he said = He said (that) he was waiting forAnn.

Present perfect Past perfect
I have found a flat, ' he said = He said (that) he had found a flat.

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
He said, 'I've been waiting for ages'
= He said he had been waiting for ages.

Simple past Past perfect
I took it home with me, ' she said
= She said she had taken it home with her.

Future Conditional
He said, 'I will/shall be in Paris on Monday
= He said he would be in Paris on Monday.

Future continuous Conditional continuous
I will/shall be using the car myself on the 24th, ' she said
= She said she 'd be using the car herself on the 24th.

But note, Conditional Conditional

/ said, 7 would/should like to = / said I would/should like to see it.
see it' (No tense change)

'I/we shall' normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
I shall be 21 tomorrow,' said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.

But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, 'I/we shall' can become either I/we should or I/we would,would is the more common.
Similarly 'I/we should' usually becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
If I had the instruction manual I should/would know what to do,'said Bill =
Bill said that if he had the instructions he would know what to do. But if the sentence is reported by the originalspeaker 'I/we should' can either remain unchanged or be reported by would.
See last example in В above.

Past tenses sometimes remain unchanged

A In theory the past tense changes to the past perfect, but in spoken English it is often left unchanged, provided
this can be done without causing confusion about the relative times of the actions. For example, He said, 7 loved
her' must become He said he had loved her as otherwise there would be a change of meaning. But He said, 'Ann
arrived on Monday' could be reported He said Ann arrived/had arrived on Monday.
В The past continuous tense in theory changes to the past perfect continuous but in practice usually remains unchanged except when it refers to a completed action:
She said, 'We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided
not to' = She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but had
decided not to. But He said, 'When I saw them they were playing tennis' =
He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis.
С In written English past tenses usually do change to past perfect but there are the following exceptions:

1 Past/Past continuous tenses in time clauses do not normally change:

He said, 'When we were living/lived in Paris . . .' = He said that when they were living in Paris . .
The main verb of such sentences can either remain unchanged orbecome the past perfect:
He said, 'When we were living/lived in Paris we often saw Paul' = He said that when they were living/lived in Paris they often saw/had often seen Paul.

2 A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged:
She said, I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road' =
She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.

Unreal past tenses (subjunctives) in indirect speech

A Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:

'We wish we didn't have to take exams,' said the children = The children said they wished they didn't have to take exams. 'Bill wants to go alone,' said Ann, 'but I'd rather he went with a group' = : Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that she 'd rather he went with a group.
'It's time we began planning our holidays,' he said = He said that it was time they began planning their holidays.

В I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged, you had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive ):

'The children had better go to bed early,' said Tom =
Tom said that the children had better go to bed early.

'You 'd better not drink the water,' she said =
She advised/warned us not to drink the water.

С Conditional sentences types 2 and 3 remain unchanged : 'If my children were older I would emigrate,'he said = He said that if his children were older he would emigrate.

might, ought to, should, would, used to in indirect statements

A might remains unchanged except when used as a request form:

He said, 'Ann might ring today' = He said that Ann might ring (that day). But 'You might post these for me,' he said = He asked me to post them for him.

В ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:

'They ought to/should widen this road,' I said = I said that they ought to/should widen the road. I said, 'I should be back by six' (I assume I will be) = / said I
should be back by six.

С But you ought to/you should, if used to express advice rather than obligation, can be reported by advise + object+ infinitive, you must can also express advice and be reported similarly.

'You ought to/should/must read the instructions,' said Ann = Ann advised/urged/warned me to read the instructions.

D The advice form 'If I were you I should/would . . .' is normally reported by advise + object + infinitive:

'If I were you I'd wait,' I said = / advised him to wait.

E The request form 'I should/would be (very) grateful if you
would . . .' is normally reported by ask + object + infinitive:
'I'd be very grateful if you 'd keep me informed,' he said= He asked me to keep him informed.

F would in statements doesn't change.

G used to doesn't change:

I know the place well because I used to live here,' he explained = He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there.

could in indirect statements

A could for ability

1 could for present ability does not change:
I can 't/couldn 't stand on my head,' he said = He said he couldn 't stand on his head.

2 could for future ability can remain unchanged or be reported by would
be able:
He said, I could do it tomorrow' = He said he could do it/would be able to do it the next day.

3 could in type 2 conditional sentences is reported similarly:

'If I had the tools I could mend it,' he said =He said that if he had the tools he could/would be able to mend it.would be able here implies that the supposition may be fulfilled.
(Perhaps he'll be able to borrow tools.)

4 could in type 3 conditional sentences is reported unchanged.

5 could for past ability can remain unchanged or be reported by had been able:

I could read when I was three!' she boasted =
She boasted that she could/had been able to read when she was three.



В could for permission

1 In type 2 conditional sentences could can remain unchanged or be reported by would be allowed to:

'If I paid my fine I could walk out of prison today,' he said =
He said that if he paid his fine he could/would be allowed to walk etc.

2 could in the past can remain unchanged or be reported by was/were allowed to or had been allowed to:

He said, 'When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked' = He said that when he was a boy he could/was allowed to stay up or He said that as a boy he was/had been allowed etc.

Indirect speech: pronoun and adjective

A Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words:

He said, 'I've forgotten the combination of my safe' =
He said that he had forgotten the combination of his safe.

I said, I like my new house' = I said that I liked my new house, (speaker reporting his own words) Sometimes a noun must be inserted to avoid ambiguity:
Tom said, 'He came in through the window' would not normally be reported Tom said he had come in through the window as this might imply that Tom himself had come in this way: but if we use a noun there can be no confusion:
Tom said that the man/burglar'/cat etc. had come in . . .

Pronoun changes may affect the verb:

He says, 'I know her' = He says he knows her. He says, I shall be there' = He says that he will be there.

В this and these

this used in time expressions usually becomes that:
He said, 'She is coming this week' =
He said that she was coming that week.

Otherwise this and that used as adjectives usually change to the:
He said, 'I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother' =
He said that he had bought the pearl/pearls for his mother.

this, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them:
He showed me two bullets. 'I found these embedded in the panelling,'
he said =
He said he had found them embedded in the panelling.
He said, 'We will discuss this tomorrow' =
He said that they would discuss it/the matter the next day. this, these (adjectives or pronouns), used to indicate choice or to distinguish some things from others, can become the one(s) near him etc., or the statement can be reworded:

I'll have this (one),' he said to me =
He said he would have the one near him or
He pointed to/touched/showed me the one he wanted.

Expressions of time and place in indirect speech A Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:
Direct Indirect
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow in two days ' time
next week/year etc. the following week/year etc.
last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc.
a year etc. ago a year before/the previous year

I saw her the day before yesterday,' he said = He said he 'd seen her two days before.
Til do it tomorrow,' he promised = He promised that he would do it the next day.
'I'm starting the day after tomorrow, mother,' he said =He told his mother that he was starting in two days' time.
She said, 'My father died a year ago' = She said that her father had died a year before/the previous year.

В But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary:

At breakfast this morning he said, Til be very busy today' =
At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today.

С Logical adjustments are of course necessary if a speech is reported one/two days after it is made.

On Monday Jack said to Tom: I'm leaving the day after tomorrow.
If Tom reports this speech on the next day (Tuesday) he will probably say:
Jack said he was leaving tomorrow. If he reports it on Wednesday, he will probably say:
Jack said he was leaving today.

D here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant: At the station he said, Til be here again tomorrow' = He said that he 'd be there again the next day. Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:
She said, 'You can sit here, Tom' = She told Tom that he could sit beside her etc. . But He said, 'Come here, boys' would normally be reported: He called the boys.

Infinitive and gerund constructions in indirect speech

A agree/refuse/offer/promise/threaten + infinitive can sometimes be used instead of say (that):

ANN: Would you wait half an hour?
TOM: All right = Tom agreed to wait or Tom said he would wait.
ANN: Would you lend me another £50?
TOM: No, I won't lend you any more money =
Tom refused to lend her any more money or
Tom said that he wouldn't lend etc.
PAUL: I'll help you if you like, Ann =
Paul offered to help her or
Paul said that he'd help her. (See also shall I?, 318.)
ANN: I'll pay you back next week. Really I will. =
Ann promised to pay him back the following week or
Ann said that she would pay him back or
Ann assured him that she would pay him back.
KIDNAPPERS: If you don't pay the ransom at once we'll kill yourdaughter =
The kidnappers threatened to kill his daughter if he didn 't pay the
ransom at once or The kidnappers said that they would kill etc.
(For object + infinitive constructions,

В accuse . . . of/admit/apologize for/deny/insist on + gerund can sometimes be used instead of say (that):

'You took the money!' might be reported
He accused me of taking the money.
'I stole/didn't steal it' might be reported
/ admitted/denied stealing it.
'I'm sorry I'm late,' he said might be reported
He apologized for being late or
He said he was sorry he was late.
BILL: Let me pay for myself.
TOM: Certainly not! I'll pay! might be reported
Tom insisted on paying.
316 say, tell and alternative introductory verbs A say and tell with direct speech
1 say can introduce a statement or follow it:
Tom said, 'I've just heard the news' or
'I've just heard the news,' Tom said.
Inversion of say and noun subject is possible when say follows the statement:
'I've just heard the news,' said Tom.

say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it cannot introduce it:

'I'm leaving at once,' Tom said to me. Inversion is not possible here.

2 tell requires the person addressed:

Tell me. He told us. I'll tell Tom.

except with tell lies/stories/the truth, when the person addressed need not be mentioned:
He told (me) lies. I'll tell (you) a story. tell used with direct speech must be placed after the direct statement:
'I'm leaving at once,' Tom told me. Inversion is not possible with tell.

В say and tell with indirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. say + to + object is possible but much less usual than tell + object:

He said he 'd just heard the news.
He told me that he'd just heard the news. Note also tell . . . how/about:
He told us how he had crossed the mountains.
He told us about crossing the mountains.
He told us about his journeys.

Other useful verbs are:

add* complain * point out
admit* deny* promise *
answer* explain * protest*
argue* grumble * remark *
assure + object object* remind + object
boast* observe * reply*

These can be used with direct or indirect speech. With direct speech they follow direct statements:
'It won't cost more,' Tom assured us. Starred verbs can be inverted, provided the subject is a noun:
'But it will take longer,' Bill objected/objected Bill.
'It'll cost too much,' Jack grumbled/grumbled Jack. They can all introduce indirect statements. that should be placed
after the verb:
Tom assured us that it wouldn 't cost more. But Bill objected/pointed
out that it would take longer.

D murmur, mutter, shout, stammer, whisper can precede or follow direct statements or questions

. With noun subjects the verb can be inverted as shown above:
'You're late,' whispered Тот/Torn whispered. They can introduce indirect statements, that is usually necessary:
Tom whispered that we were late.
There are, of course, a lot of other verbs describing the voice or the tone of voice, e.g. bark, growl, roar, scream,
shriek, snarl, sneer, yell. But these are more common with direct than indirect speech.


Questions in indirect speech

Direct question: He said, 'Where is she going?' Indirect question: He asked where she was going.

A When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the following changes are necessary.

Tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in statements.

The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form. The question mark (?) is therefore omitted in indirect questions:

He said, 'Where does she live?' = He asked where she lived. With affirmative verb questions this change is obviously not necessary:
'Who lives next door?' he said = He asked who lived next door.
'What happened?' she said = She asked what had happened.

В If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. ask, inquire, wonder, want to know etc.:

He said, 'Where is the station?' = He asked where the station was.
ask, inquire, wonder can also be used in direct speech. They are then usually placed at the end of the sentence:
'Where is the station?' he inquired.

С ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object):

He asked, 'What have you got in your bag?' = He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
But inquire, wonder, want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to report a question where theperson addressed is mentioned, we must use ask:
He said, 'Mary, when is the next train?' = He asked Mary when the next train was. If we use inquire, wonder or want to know we must omit Mary.

D If the direct question begins with a question word (when, where, who, how, why etc.) the question word is repeated in the indirect question:

He said, 'Why didn't you put on the brake?' =
He asked (her) why she hadn't put on the brake.
She said, 'What do you want?' =
She asked (them) what they wanted.
E If there is no question word, if or whether must be used: 'Is anyone there?' he asked = He asked if/whether anyone was there.

1 Normally we can use either if and whether, if is the more usual:

'Do you know Bill?' he said =
He asked if/whether I knew Bill.
'Did you see the accident?' the policeman asked =
The policeman asked if/whether I had seen the accident.

2 whether can emphasize that a choice has to be made:

'Do you want to go by air or sea?' the travel agent asked = The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea. Note whether or not:
'Do you want to insure your luggage or not?' he asked -He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage or He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not.

3 whether + infinitive is possible after wonder, want to know:

'Shall/Should I wait for them or go on?' he wondered =
He wondered whether to wait for them or go on or
He wondered whether he should wait for them or go on.
inquire + whether + infinitive is possible but less usual.
(For whether + infinitive,

4 whether is neater if the question contains a conditional clause as otherwise there would be two ifs:

'If you get the job will you move to York?' Bill asked = Bill asked whether, if I got the job, I'd move to York.

Questions beginning shall I/we? in indirect speech

Questions beginning shall I/we? can be of four kinds.

A Speculations or requests for information about a future event:
'Shall I ever see them again?' he wondered.
'When shall I know the result of the test?' she asked. These follow the ordinary rule about shall/will. Speculations are usually introduced by wonder:
He wondered if he would ever see them again.
She asked when she would know the result of the test.

В Requests for instructions or advice:

'What shall 1 do with it?' = 'Tell me what to do with it.' These are expressed in indirect speech by ask, inquire etc.,with should or the be + infinitive construction. Requests for advice are normally reported by should:

'Shall we post it, sir?' he said =He asked the customer if they were to post/if they should post it.

'What shall I say, mother?' she said =She asked her mother what she should say. (request for advice)
When a choice is required we normally use whether in indirect speech. whether + infinitive is sometimes possible :
'Shall I lock the car or leave it unlocked?' he said =
He asked whether he should/was to lock the car or leave it unlocked or He asked whether to lock the car etc.

С Offers:

'Shall I bring you some tea?' could be reported He offered to bring me some tea.

Note that 'Would you like me to bring you some tea?' and 'I'll bring you some tea if you like' could also be reported by offer.

D Suggestions:'Shall we meet at the theatre?' could be reported He suggested meeting at the theatre.


Questions beginning will you/would you/could you?

These may be ordinary questions, but may also be requests, invitations, or, very occasionally, commands

He said, 'Will you be there tomorrow?' (ordinary question) =
He asked if she would be there the next day.

'Will you stand still!' he shouted = He shouted at me to stand still or
He told/ordered me to stand still.
'Would you like to live in New York?' he asked =
He asked if I would like to live in New York.

'Will/Would you file these letters, please?' he said =
He asked/told me to file the letters.

'Would you like a lift?' said Ann = Ann offered me a lift.
'Would you like to come round/Could you come round for a drink?'
he said =He invited me (to come) round for a drink.
'Could you live on £25 a week?' he asked = He asked if I could live on £25 a week.

'Could/Would you give me a hand?' she said =She asked us to give her a hand.

'Could/Would you show me the photos?' she said =She asked me to show her the photos or She asked to see the photos. (For can/could/may/might + I/we?,


Commands, requests, advice in indirect speech

Direct command: He said, 'Lie down, Tom.'
Indirect command: He told Tom to lie down.

Indirect commands, requests, advice are usually expressed by a verb of
command/request/advice + object + infinitive (= the object + infinitiveconstruction).

A The following verbs can be used: advise, ask, beg, command,encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn.

Note that say is not included in this list.

He said, 'Get your coat, Tom!' = He told Tom to get his coat.
'You had better hurry, Bill!' she said - She advised Bill to hurry.

В Negative commands, requests etc. are usually reported by not + infinitive:

'Don't swim out too far, boys,' I said = 1 warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
forbid can also be used for prohibitions, but is more common in the passive than in the active.


С Verbs in A above require object + infinitive, i.e. they must be followed directly by the person addressed without preposition .

The person addressed is often not mentioned in direct commands, requests etc.: He said,'Go away!'
When reporting such commands/requests therefore we must add a noun or pronoun:
He told me/him/her/us/them/the children to go away. ask differs from the other verbs in A in that it can also be followed directly by the infinitive of certain verbs, e.g. see, speak to, talk to:
He said, 'Could I see Tom, please?' =He asked to see Tom.

But this is quite different from the ask + object + infinitive type of request.

Both ask and beg can be followed by the passive infinitive: 'Do, please, send me to a warm climate,' he asked/begged = He asked/begged us to send him to a warm climate or He asked/begged to be sent to a warm climate.

D Examples of indirect commands, requests, advice

Note that direct commands are usually expressed by the imperative, but that requests and advice can be expressed in a variety of ways

'If I were you, I'd stop taking tranquillizers,' I said = I advised him to stop taking tranquillizers. 'Why don't you take off your coat?' he said = He advised me to take off my coat.
'You might post some letters for me,' said my boss = My boss asked me to post some letters for him. 'If you 'd just sign the register,' said the receptionist = The receptionist asked him to sign the register.
'Do sit down,'said my hostess = My hostess asked/invited me to sit down. 'Please, please don't take any risks,' said his wife = His wife begged/implored him not to take any risks. 'Forget all about this young man,' said her parents; 'don't see him again or answer his letters' =
Her parents ordered her to forget all about the young man and told her not to see him again or answer his letters or She was ordered to forget all about the young man and forbidden to see him again or answer his letters, (passive construction)
'Don't forget to order the wine,' said Mrs Pitt = Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine.
'Tryagain,' said Ann's friends encouragingly = Ann's friends encouraged her to try again. 'Go on, apply for the job,' said
Jack = Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job. 'You had better not leave your car unlocked,' said my friends;
'there's been a lot of stealing from cars' =My friends warned me not to leave my car unlocked as there had been a lot of stealing from cars.

will you . . . sentences are normally treated as requests and reported by ask:

'Will all persons not travelling please go ashore,' he said = He asked all persons not travelling to go ashore.
But if a will you sentence is spoken sharply or irritably, and the please is omitted, it might be reported by tell or order:
'Will you be quiet!/Be quiet, will you!' he said =He told/ordered us to be quiet.

Other ways of expressing indirect commands

A say/tell + subject + be + infinitive:

He said/told me that I was to wait.

This is a possible alternative to the tell + infinitive construction, so that:
He said, 'Don't open the door' could be reported
He told me not to open the door or
He said that I wasn 't to open the door.

The be + infinitive construction is particularly useful in the following cases:

1 When the command is introduced by a verb in the present tense:

He says, 'Meet me at the station' = He says that we are to meet him at the station. (He tells us to meet him would be much less likely.)

2 When the command is preceded by a clause (usually of time or condition):

He said, 'If she leaves the house follow her' could be reported He said that if she left the house I was to follow her.
He told me to follow her if she left the house would be equally possible here but note that if we use the tell +infinitive construction we must change the order of the sentence so as to put the command first.
Sometimes this would result in a rather confusing sentence. For example, the request If you see Ann tell her to ring me would become He told me to tell Ann to ring him if I saw her. Such requests can only be reported by the be + infinitiveconstruction:
He said that if I saw Ann I was to tell her to ring him.

В say/tell (+ that) + subject + should

1 say or tell with a should construction normally indicates advice rather than command:

He said, 'If your brakes are bad don't drive so fast' =
He said/told me that if my brakes were bad I shouldn 't drive so fast
orHe advised me not to drive so fast if my brakes were bad. (Note
change of order here, as with tell + infinitive above.)

2 Advice can also be expressed by advise, recommend and urge + that . . . should. This is particularly useful in the passive :

I advise cancelling the meeting,' he said -He advised that the meeting should be cancelled.


3 command and order can also be used with should or a passive infinitive:

'Evacuate the area!' ordered the superintendent =
The superintendent ordered that everyone should leave the area or
ordered that the area should be evacuated or ordered the area to be evacuated.

4 Note that when an indirect command is expressed by an object + infinitive construction, as in

there is normally the idea that the person who is to obey the command is addressed directly. But when the command is expressed by the be + infinitive
construction (A above) or by a should construction (B3 above) the recipient of the command need not necessarily be addressed directly.
The command may be conveyed to him by a third person.

let's, let us, let him/them in indirect speech

A let's
1 let's usually expresses a suggestion and is reported by suggest in indirect speech:

He said, 'Let's leave the case at the station' would be reported:
He suggested leaving the case at the station or He suggested that they/we should leave the case at the station.
He said, 'Let's stop now and finish it later' would be reported:
He suggested stopping then and finishing it later or He suggested that they/we should stop then and finish it later.
Similarly in the negative:
He said, 'Let's not say anything about it till we hear the facts' = . • He suggested not saying
anything/saying nothing about it till they heard the facts or
; He suggested that they shouldn't say anything till they heard the facts.
: But let's not used alone in answer to an affirmative suggestion is often
• reported by some phrase such as opposed the idea/was against it/objected. So that we could report:
• 'Let's sell the house,' said Tom. 'Let's not,' said Ann by Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was against it.

2 let's/let us sometimes expresses a call to action.

It is then usually reported by urge/advise + object + infinitive
The strike leader said, 'Let's show the bosses that we are united' = The strike leader urged the workers to show the bosses that they were united.

В let him/them

1 In theory let him/them expresses a command. But very often the speaker has no authority over the person who is to obey the command:
'It's not my business,' said the postman. 'Let the government do something about it.'

Here, the speaker is not issuing a command but expressing an obligation. Sentences of this type are therefore normally reported by ought/should:
He said that it wasn't his business and that the government ought i to/should do something about it.

2 Sometimes, however, let him/them does express a command. It is then usually reported by say + be + infinitive

'Let the boys clear up this mess,' said the headmaster = The headmaster said that the boys were to clear up the mess.

'Let the guards be armed,' he ordered = He ordered that the guards should be armed.

3 Sometimes let him/them is more a suggestion than a command. In such cases it is usually reported by suggest, or say + should

She said, 'Let them go to their consul. He 'II be able to help them' = She suggested their/them going to their consuletc. or She suggested that they should go to their consul or She said that they should go to their consul.

4 let him/them can also indicate the speaker's indifference:

'The neighbours will complain,' said Ann.
'Let them (complain),' said Tom = Tom expressed indifference or
Tom said he didn't mind (if they complained).

С let there be

Here the speaker could be ordering, advising, urging or begging: 'Let there be no reprisals,' said the widow of the murdered man = The widow urged/begged that there should be no reprisals.

D let is also an ordinary verb meaning allow/permit:

'Let him come with us, mother; I'll take care of him,' I said =
/ asked my mother to let him come with us and promised to take care of him.


Exclamations and yes and no

A Exclamations usually become statements in indirect speech. The exclamation mark disappears.

1 Exclamations beginning What (a) ... or How . . . can be reported (a) by exclaim/say that:
He said, 'What a dreadful idea!' or 'How dreadful'.' = He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea/was dreadfulor (b) by give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/
surprise etc.

Alternatively, if the exclamation is followed by an action we can use the construction (c) with an exclamation of delight/disgust etc. + he/she etc. + verb.
2 Other types of exclamation, such as Good! Marvellous! Splendid! Heavens! Oh! Ugh! etc. can be reported as in (b) or (c) above:
'Good!' he exclaimed =He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
'Ugh!' she exclaimed, and turned the programme off = With an exclamation of disgust she turned the programme off.

3 Note also:


He said, 'Thank you!' = He thanked me.
He said, 'Curse this fog!' = He cursed the fog.
He said, 'Good luck!' = He wished me luck.
He said, 'Happy Christmas!' = He wished me a happy Christmas.
He said, 'Congratulations!' = He congratulated me.
He said, 'Liar!' = He called me a liar.
He said, 'Damn!'etc. = He swore.
The notice said: WELCOME TO WALES'. =
The notice welcomed visitors to Wales.


В yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by subject + appropriate auxiliary verb:

He said, 'Can you swim?' and 1 said 'No' =
He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I couldn't.
He said, 'Will you have time to do it?' and I said 'Yes' =
He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would.

Indirect speech: mixed types

Direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command, command + statement, or all three together.

A Normally each requires its own introductory verb: 7 don't know the way. Do you?' he asked =
He said he didn't know the way and asked her if she did/if she knew it. 'Someone's coming,' he said. 'Get behind the screen' = He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.
Т т going shopping. Can I get you anything?' she said = She said she was going shopping and asked if she could get me anything.
I can hardly hear the radio,' he said. 'Could you turn it up?' = He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked her to turn it up.

В But sometimes, when the last clause is a statement which helps to explain the first, we can use as instead of a second introductory verb:
'You'd better wear a coat. It's very cold out,' he said =
He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out.

'You'd better not walk across the park alone. People have been
mugged there,' he said =
He warned her not to walk across the park alone as people had been
mugged there.

С Sometimes the second introductory verb can be a participle:

'Please, please, don't drink too much! Remember that you'll have to drive home,' she said =
She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he'd have to drive home.
'Let's shop on Friday. The supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday,' she said =
She suggested shopping on Friday, pointing out that the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday. (as could be used in both these examples.)


must and needn't

A must used for deductions, permanent commands/prohibitions and to express intention remains unchanged.

1 Deductions:
She said, 'I'm always running into him; he must live near here!' = She said that. . . he must live in the area.
2 Permanent command:
He said, 'This door must be kept locked' = He said that the door must be kept locked.

3 must used casually to express intention:

He said, 'We must have a party to celebrate this' = He said that they must have a party to celebrate it.

В must used for obligation can remain unchanged. Alternatively it can be
reported by would have to or had to.
1 I/we must reported by would have to would have to is used when the obligation depends on some future action, or when the fulfilment of the obligationappears remote or uncertain, i.e. when must is clearly replaceable by will have to:

'If the floods get worse we must (will have to) leave the house,' he said =
He said that if the floods got worse they would have to leave the house.

'When it stops snowing we must start digging ourselves out,'
I said = I said that when it stopped snowing we would have to start digging
ourselves out.
'We must mend the roof properly next year,' he said =
He said that they would have to mend the roof properly the following
year.
'I have just received a letter,' he said. 'I must go home' =
He said that he had just received a letter and would have to go home.
(But had to would be more usual here if he went at once, i.e. had
to would imply that he went at once.) 2 I/we must reported by had to
had to is the usual form for obligations where times for fulfilment have been fixed, or plans made, or when the
obligation is fulfilled fairly promptly, or at least by the time the speech is reported:
He said, 'I must wash my hands' (and presumably did so) =
He said that he had to wash his hands.
Tom said, 'I must be there by nine tomorrow' =
Tom said that he had to be there by nine the next day. would have to would be possible here also but would implythat the obligation was self-imposed and that no outside authority was involved. had to could express either an outside authority (i.e. that someone had told him to be there) or a self-imposed obligation. All difficulties about had to/would have to can of course be avoided by keeping must unchanged. In both the above examples must could have been used instead of had to/would have to.

3 you/he/they must is reported similarly:

He said, 'You must start at once' =
He said that she must/had to/would have to start at once. But note that would have to removes the idea of the speaker's authority:
Tom said, 'If you want to stay on here you must work harder' =
Tom said that if she wanted to stay on she must/would have to work harder.
must implies that Tom himself insists on her working harder, would have to merely implies that this will be necessary.

4 must I/you/he? can change similarly but as must in the interrogative usually concerns the present or immediate future it usually becomes had to:

'Must you go so soon?' I said = / asked him if he had to go so soon.

5 must not

I must not usually remains unchanged, you/he must not remains unchanged or is expressed as a negative command

: He said, 'You mustn't tell anyone' = He said that she mustn 't tell/wasn 't to tell anyone or He told her not to tell anyone.


С needn't

needn't can remain unchanged and usually does. Alternatively it can change to didn't have to/wouldn't have to just as must changes to had to/would have to:
He said, 'You needn't wait' = He said that I needn't wait.
I said, 'If you can lend me the money I needn 't go to the bank =
/ said that if he could lend me the money I needn 't/wouldn 't have to
go to the bank.
He said, 'I needn't be in the office till ten tomorrow morning' =
He said that he needn 't/didn 't have to be in the office till ten the next
morning.
need I/you/he? behaves exactly in the same ways as must I/you/he? i.e. it normally becomes had to: 'Need I finish my pudding?' asked the small boy = The small boy asked if he had to finish his pudding.










EXERCISES

Indirect speech Indirect speech
16 Ann said, 'Englishmen make good husbands because they are nearly
always willing to help in the house.'
17 Mary answered, 'I like men to be useful but I don't like them to be
too domesticated. I prefer them to keep out of the kitchen
altogether. Men look silly in aprons anyway.'
18 Motoring report: The new Rolls Royce runs so quietly that all you
can hear is the ticking of the clock.
Managing director of the Rolls Royce company: In that case we'll
have to do something about the clock.
19 'I don't know what to do with all my plums. I suppose I'll have to
make jam. The trouble is that none of us eats jam,' she said.
20 'We like working on Sundays because we get double pay,' explained
the builders.
21 He said, 'I am quite a good cook and I do all my own washing and
mending too.'
22 'You can keep that one if you like, Joan,' he said. 'I've got plenty of
others.'
23 'I'm going fishing with mother this afternoon,' said the small boy,
'and we are going into the garden now to dig for worms.'
(Omit now).
24 'You've got my umbrella,' I said crossly. 'Yours is in your bedroom.'
25 'I know exactly what they said,' the private detective explained to
his client, 'because I bugged their phone.'
26 'I'll sit up till she comes in, but I hope she won't be late,' he said.
27 'If you give me some wire, I'll hang that picture for you,' said my
cousin.
28 'I have a Turkish bath occasionally, but it doesn't seem to make any
difference to my weight,' she said.
29 'This is quite a good model, madam. I use one of these myself,' said
the salesman.
30 'My new house is supposed to be haunted, but so far I haven't seen
any ghosts,' she said.
31 The advertisement said, 'If you answer the questions correctly you
may win £100.'
32 'If I press my ear against the wall, I can hear what the people in the
next flat are saying,' he said.
86 Indirect speech: statements
PEG 309-10
Some tenses/forms do not change when direct speech becomes
indirect:
'I wish my children would eat vegetables,' she said.
She (said she) wished her children would eat vegetables.
Put the following into indirect speech, being careful to avoid
ambiguity:
1 'I couldn't get into the house because I had lost my key, so I had to
break a window,' he said.
2 'The mirror is there so that you can see yourself when you are
dancing,' the instructress told him.
3 'I wrote to him the day before yesterday. I wonder why he hasn't
rung up,' she said.
4 'If the ground is dry on the day of the race, my horse might win,'
said the owner.
5 'You'd better slow down. There's a speed limit here,' she said to me.
(Use advise.)
6 'If Tom wants seats, he'd better apply early,' she said.
7 'We walked 50 miles last night to see the Minister and protest about
our rents being raised. He was very polite and promised to do what
he could for us,' said one of the tenants.
8 'They should put traffic lights here, otherwise there'll be more
accidents,' she said.
9 'It's time we began training for our next match,' the coach said to
them.
10 'If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine,' he said to me.
11 'If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match
tomorrow,' the captain said.
12 'I meant to plug in the electric blanket but I plugged in the electric
kettle by mistake. I'm always doing silly things like that,' she told
her guest.
13 'I was intending to do it tomorrow,' he said, 'but now I don't think
I'll be able to.'
14 'Bill should do very well at the university, Mrs Smith,' said the
headmaster. 'He's done very well here.'
15 'I don't think your father likes me,' said the young wife.
'You mustn't think that,' said her husband; 'it is just that he is old
and finds it hard to get used to new people.' (Leave mustn't
unchanged.)
16 'The steak is overdone again. I'm not complaining; I'm just pointing
it out,' said her husband.
'I wish you'd stop pointing things out,' said his wife.
17 'They couldn't open the safe on the spot so they carried it away with
them,' the night watchman reported.
18 'If you saw my father, you'd recognize him at once. He is the most
extraordinary-looking man,' she said to me.
19 'I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday,' he said, 'and
I'm going to take it to the museum this afternoon.'
20 He said, 'I got out of my boat, leaving the engine running, but while
I was standing on the quay the gears suddenly engaged themselves
and the boat went straight out of the harbour with no one on board.'
21 Then Macbeth enters and says, 'I have done the deed.'
128 129

Indirect speech Indirect speech
22 'Would you like me to go with you?' I said.
'I'd rather go alone,' he answered.
23 My brother said, 'You may take my car if you like. I shan't be
needing it tomorrow or the day after.'
24 'Yesterday Tom and I went to look at a house that he was thinking
of buying. It was rather a nice house and had a lovely garden but
Tom decided against it because it was opposite a cemetery,' said
Celia.
25 He said, 'My wife wants to take a job but I'd rather she
concentrated on our home.'
26 'I don't know what your father will say when he sees what a mess
your puppies have made of this five-pound note,' said my mother.
27 'It's high time you passed your test; I'm tired of driving round with
an L — plate on the front of the car,' my sister said.
28 'I wish you'd seen it,' I said to her.
87 Indirect speech: questions
PEG 317
Put the following into indirect speech. The first ten questions
require no change of order:
He said, 'What is happening?'
He asked what was happening.
1 'What happened to Mr Budd?' said one of the men.
2 'Which of his sons inherited his estate?' asked another.
3 'Who is going to live in the big house?' enquired a third.
4 'What will happen to his racehorses?' asked someone else.
5 'Which team has won?' asked Ann.
6 'Which team won the previous match?' said Bill.
7 'Who is playing next week?' he asked.
8 'Who will be umpiring that match?' asked Tom.
9 'Who wants a lift home?' said Ann.
10 'Who has just dropped a £10 note?' I asked.
11 'Where is the ticket office?' asked Mrs Jones.
12 'What shall I do with my heavy luggage?' she said. (Use should.)
13 'What platform does the train leave from?' asked Bill.
14 'When does it arrive in York?' he asked.
15 'When was the timetable changed?' I asked.
16 'Why has the 2.30 train been cancelled?' said Ann.
17 'How much does a day return to Bath cost?' Mrs Jones asked.
18 'Why does the price go up so often?' she wondered.
19 'How can I get from the station to the airport?' said Bill.
20 'When are you coming back?' I asked them.
21 'Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles?' said my aunt.
22 'Do puppies travel free?' asked a dog owner..
23 'Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?' she asked.
24 'Does this train stop at York?' asked Bill.
25 'Can you telephone from inter-city trains?' said the businessman.
26 'Does the 2.40 have a restaurant car?' he enquired.
27 'Can you get coffee on the train?' asked my aunt.
28 'Do they bring it round on a trolley?' she said.
29 'Are there smoking compartments?' said the man with the pipe.
30 'Have you reserved a seat?' I asked him.
Extra exercise: read the last twenty questions, using one of the
following prefaces: I wonder/I'd like to know/Do you know?/Have
you any idea?/Can you tell me?
11 'Do you know where the ticket office is?'
12 'I wonder what I should do with my heavy luggage.'
88 Indirect speech: questions
PEG 317
A new student, Paul, has come to the college and the other students
are asking him questions. Imagine that he reports these questions
later to an English friend:
1 Bill asked what country I came from.
1 'What country do you come from?' said Bill.
2 'How long have you been here?' said Ann.
3 'Are you working as well as studying?' asked Peter.
4 'Have you got a work permit?' Bill wanted to know.
5 'What are you going to study?' asked Ann.
6 'Have you enrolled for more than one class?' said Peter.
7 'Do you want to buy any second-hand books?' said Bill.
8 'Have you seen the library?' asked Ann.
9 'Do you play rugby?' said Peter.
10 'Will you have time to play regularly?' he went on.
11 'Did you play for your school team?' said Bill.
12 'Are you interested in acting?' asked Ann.
13 'Would you like to join our Drama Group?' she said.
14 'What do you think of the canteen coffee?' asked Peter.
Mary and Tom, with their son, John, aged 11, have recently come to
this area. Mary wants to find a school for John and asks her
neighbour Mrs Smith about the local school.
(a) Later, Mrs Smith reports these questions to her husband:
'Is it a mixed school?'
She asked if it was a mixed school.
(b) Alternatively, supply suitable answers to Mary's questions and
then imagine that Mary reports the conversation (her questions
and Mrs Smith's answers) to her husband Tom:
130 131

Indirect speech Indirect speech
9 'Open the safe!' the raiders ordered the bank clerk.
10 'Please do as I say,' he begged me.
11 'Help your mother, Peter,' Mr Pitt said.
12 'Don't make too much noise, children,' he said.
13 'Do whatever you like,' she said to us.
14 'Don't miss your train,' she warned them.
15 'Read it before you sign it,' he said to his client.
16 'Do sing it again,' he said.
17 'Don't put your hands near the bars,' the zoo keeper warned us.
18 'Buy a new car,' I advised him.
19 'Don't drive too fast,' she begged him.
20 'Don't lean your bicycles against my windows, boys,' said the
shopkeeper.
21 'Come to the cinema with me,' he asked her.
22 'Cook it in butter,' I advised her.
23 'Don't touch the gates, madam,' said the lift operator.
24 'Don't argue with me,' the teacher said to the boy.
25 'Pull as hard as you can,' he said to him.
26 'Send for the Fire Brigade,' the manager said to the porter.
27 'Don't lend her anything,' he advised us.
28 'Make a list of what you want,' she told us.
29 'Look at the paper,' he said to her.
30 'Stand clear of the doors,' a voice warned the people on the
platform.
31 'See if you can find any mushrooms, children,' she said.
32 'Don't go alone,' I warned her.
33 'Pay at the cash desk,' the shop assistant said to the customer.
34 The notice said, 'Leave this space clear.'
35 'Remember to write to your mother,' I said to them.
36 'Think well before you answer,' the detective warned her.
91 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice
• PEG 320
See note to 90.
Put the following into indirect speech. In most cases the person
addressed must be supplied.
1 He said, 'Get out of my way.'
2 'Climb in through the window,' he ordered.
3 'Please pay at the desk,' said the assistant.
4 'Open your bag, please,' said the store detective.
5 'Don't worry about anything, Mrs Pitt,' said her solicitor. 'Leave it
all to me.'
6 'Don't use bent coins in a slot machine,' I warned him.
7 'Follow that car,' the detective said to the taxi-driver.
8 'Wash it in lukewarm water,' recommended the assistant.
9 'Have confidence in me,' urged the doctor.
10 'Take me up to the 33rd floor,' he said to the liftman.
11 'Read the notice about life-saving equipment,' advised the airhostess.
12 'Always cook with butter,' said her mother, 'never use margarine.'
13 'Don't argue with your father,' I said.
14 'Remember to prune the roses,' said my aunt.
15 'Wait for me at the bridge,' said the young man.
16 'Don't eat too much starch,' I advised her, 'and avoid fried food.'
17 'Don't say anything to make her angry,' said my father.
18 Notice: Please do not ask at the desk for change for telephone calls.
19 'Don't forget to feed the goldfish,' Mary said to her brother.
20 'Cross the line by the footbridge,' said the porter.
21 'Write to me as often as you can,' said his wife.
22 'Put your pistol on the table,' said the crook.
23 'Please book me a seat in a non-smoker,' said the traveller.
24 'Don't forget your sandwiches,' said his mother.
25 'Don't go near the water, children,' she said.
26 'Search the house,' said the police sergeant.
27 'Don't make mountains out of molehills,' he said.
28 'Put down that gun. It's loaded,' she warned.
92 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice
PEG 320
See note to 90.
Put the following into indirect speech, joining the sentences together
with as, and, but or for.
1 'Make good use of your time. You won't get such an opportunity
again,' he said to us.
2 'Don't wait till tomorrow,' said the advertisement, 'post the coupon
at once.'
3 'Be very careful crossing roads,' she said, 'and remember to drive on
the right.'
4 'I can't open it. You have a try, Peter,' he said.
5 'Go and get me a paper, and come straight back,' he said to me.
6 'Someone's coming. Get into the cupboard,' she said.
7 'Give way to traffic approaching from your right,' the road sign
warned us.
8 'Please, please send whatever you can spare,' said the secretary of
the disaster fund.
9 'Wear a wig if you don't want to be recognized,' I advised him.
10 'Don't bathe when the red flag is flying,' said the lifeguard.
134 135

Indirect speech Indirect speech
11 'Don't forget to thank Mrs Jones when you are saying goodbye to
her,' said his mother.
12 'Watch the milk and don't let it boil over,' he said.
13 'Don't shelter under a tree in a thunderstorm,' he said. 'The tree
might be struck by lightning.'
14 'Put the message into a bottle and throw it into the sea,' he said.
15 'Read it for yourself if you don't believe what I say,' he told me.
16 'Don't forget to use your indicators,' said the driving instructor.
17 'Don't drive too fast or the baby'll be sick,' she said to her husband.
18 'Do make the coffee a bit stronger,' I begged. 'It was terribly weak
last night.'
19 'Beware of pickpockets,' said a huge notice.
20 'Smell this. Do you think it has gone bad?' she said.
21 'Don't take your coat off. We are going out again in a moment,' she
told him.
22 'Stand by the window and tell me if anyone goes into the house
opposite,' he said.
23 'Don't move till the policeman waves you on,' said the driving
instructor.
24 'Don't touch it. You will only make it worse,' he told me.
25 'Be careful; the steps are very slippery,' I warned him.
26 'Ask your boss to ring me back,' I said. 'My number is 1234567.'
'Could you repeat that, please?' said the girl.
27 'Don't work too fast,' said the foreman. 'If we finish before six we
shan't get any overtime.'
28 'Prepare to meet your doom. The end of the world is at hand,' said
the placard.
29 'Remember to put the brake on,' the instructor said.
30 'Would you please take off your shoes?' Keiko said to him.
93 Indirect speech: commands, requests, invitations,
offers, advice
• PEG 284-7, 318-20
Put the following into indirect speech using ask, advise, invite, offer,
remind, tell, warn.
1 'Would you like to have lunch with me on Sunday?' he said to me.
2 'Would you like a cigarette?' said one of the guests.
3 'Would you mind not smoking between courses?' said their hostess.
4 'Take these letters to the post, will you? And shut the door as you go
out,' said the boss.
5 'Will you help me, please?' she said. 'I can't reach the top shelf.'
6 'This is a horrible room. Why don't you ask for something better?'
he said.
7 'If I were you I'd try to get a room on the top floor,' he said.
8 'I'll wait for you if you like,' she said.
9 'Remember to switch off when you've finished,' he said.
10 'You might check these figures for me,' he said.
11 'You'd better apologize for being late,' said my mother.
12 'Could you check the oil, please?' I asked the mechanic.
13 'I wish you'd sit still!' said the artist. 'How do you expect me to
paint you when you keep jerking your head?'
14 'Why don't you go by train? It's much less tiring than driving,' I
said.
15 Hotel notice:, Will guests please not play radios loudly after
midnight?
16 'Would you like to wait here?' said the receptionist, showing me into
the waiting room.
17 'You must see this exhibition!' said all my friends.
18 'I should plant daffodils, if I were you,' I said to them.
19 'If you'd just sign the back of the cheque,' said the bank clerk.
20 'I'd be very grateful if you'd forward my letters while I am away,'
he said.
21 Police announcement: Will anyone who saw this accident please get
in touch with their nearest police station?
22 'Don't leave your room at night,' he said. 'Our host's dogs might
mistake you for a burglar.'
23 'Answer this letter for me, will you?' he said. 'And remember to
keep a copy.'
24 'Would you mind moving your car?' he said. 'It's blocking my gate.'
25 (in a letter) 'Perhaps you'd let me know when your new stock comes
in.' (Mrs Jones . . .)
26 Notice on board: The first team will report to the gymnasium for
weight-training. (The coach . . .)
27 'Could you sew on this button for me?' Tom asked Ann.
'You'd better sew it on yourself,' said Mary. 'Buttons sewn on by
Ann usually come off the next day.'
28 'If you will kindly sit down the fortune-teller will be with you in a
moment,' the girl said.
94 Indirect speech: questions, requests, invitations,
offers, advice
• PEG 284-7, 318-20, 323
Remember that Why don't you? can be an ordinary question or
advice/suggestion. Treat it here as advice.
Put the following into indirect speech.
1 'Could you get there and back in one day?' I asked. (I asked if he . . .)
2 'I can't open this tin,' said Ann. 'Shall I do it for you?' said Tom.
3 'Could you translate this for me, please?' I asked the official.
136 137

Indirect speech Indirect speech
4 'Shall we ever meet again?' he wondered.
5 'Will you be here tomorrow?' she asked. 'Yes,' I answered.
6 'Could I lose five kilos in a week?' said the fat woman. 'No,' said the
doctor.
7 'Will you have a drink?' he said.
8 'Why don't you install gas central heating?' said the advertisement.
{urge)
9 'Will you read this very carefully, please?' he said to me.
10 'Shall I tell him what happened?' she asked me.
11 'Wouldn't you like to look ten years younger?' said the hairdresser.
12 'I'm going to Brighton tomorrow,' said Ann.
'So'm I,' said Tom. 'Would you like a lift?' (Tom said he was too
and. . .)
13 'Can I have a sweet?' said the small boy.
14 'Can we stay up till the end of the programme?' said the children.
15 'Could I have the weekend off?' he asked his boss.
16 'Could I leave early on Friday?' he said.
17 'Why don't you like pop music?' the teenagers asked him.
18 'Why don't you take up the oboe again?' said my friends, (advise)
19 'Where shall I hang my new picture?' he said. 'Would it look well
over the mantelpiece?'
20 'What shall I do if the car won't start?' I said.
21 'Have you got enough money? Shall I lend you some?' said my
friend.
22 'Will you be able to guide me or shall I bring a map?' I asked.
23 'You won't forget to shut the door, will you?' she said, (remind)
24 'Would you like to see over the house?' I asked her.
25 'Would you like to peel the potatoes?' said Ann, handing me a knife.
26 'I've got two tickets. Would you like to come with me?' he said.
27 'Can you use a word processor?' he asked. 'No,' I said.
28 'Would you mind living by yourself for six months?' they asked.
29 'Would you mind paying cash?' said my landlady when I took out my
cheque-book.
30 'Why don't you trust him?' I asked Ann.
'I never trust left-handed men,' she answered.
95 Indirect speech: commands and questions with
if- clauses and time clauses
PEG 229, 320-1
Questions with if- clauses and time clauses should be reported with
the if- clause or time clause last.
'When/If I see him, what shall I say?' she asked.
She asked what she should say when/if she saw him.
Commands can be reported by tell + infinitive + if- clause/time
clause.
138
But sometimes (as in nos. 5 and 10 below) this would produce a
rather clumsy sentence. It is then advisable to use say/said that + if- clause/time clause + be/should + infinitive:
'If /When you see him, ask him to ring me,' she said.
She said that if/when I saw him I was to ask him to ring her.
was to expresses a definite command; should implies advice.
Put the following into indirect speech.
1 He said, 'When you are at the butcher's remember to get a bone for
the dog.'
2 She said, 'If you feel faint sit down and put your head between your
knees.'
3 'If I find your purse what shall I do with it?' he said.
'Keep it till you see me again,' I replied.
4 She said, 'If he arrives before I get back give him something to
drink.'
5 'If anyone rings up,' she said, 'say that I'll be back shortly.'
6 'When you are driving always look in your driving mirror before
turning right,' said my instructor.
7 'Leave the key under the mat if you go out,' she said.
8 'If you think the room is cold shut the windows,' said my aunt.
9 'If you feel lonely any time ring me up,' he said.
10 'If she doesn't eat meat, offer her an omelette,' he said.
11 'Get the car off the road on to the verge if you have a puncture.
Don't leave it on the road,' said my father.
12 'If I am not back by this time tomorrow take this letter to the
police,' he said.
13 'When you see Mrs Pitt don't forget to thank her,' she said to her
husband.
14 'When the bell rings take the meat out of the oven,' my sister said.
15 'If you are taken prisoner,' said the officer, 'give your name, rank
and number but refuse to answer any other questions.'
16 'When you hear the fire alarm, shut all windows and go downstairs
as quickly as possible,' said the schoolmaster.
17 'If the lift should stop between two floors press the emergency
button,' he said.
18 'Before you allow anyone to use the Turkish bath remember to ask
him if he has a weak heart,' said the senior attendant.
19 'If the police stop me, what shall I say?' she asked.
20 'What shall I do if he refuses to let me in?' she said.
'Write a note and push it under the door,' I said.
21 'What will happen if the strike continues?' he said.
22 'If it goes on snowing, how'll we get food?' wondered the
housewives.
23 'When the rain stops, can we go out?' said the children.
24 'When you've completed one section, go on to the next,' the teacher
said.
139

96 Indirect speech: suggestions
Li PEG 289 D, 322
Part 1 Write the following in indirect speech, in ordinary narrative
form.
Ann suggested having a party on the next Saturday. Mary
agreed and asked who they should invite.
Report 'Why don't we . . . ?' as a suggestion and 'Why don't you . . ?'
as suggestion or advice. Report 'Why not?' in no. 9 as agreed.
1 Ann: What about having a party on Saturday?
2 Mary: Yes, let's. Who shall we invite?
3 Ann: Let's not make a list. Let's just invite everybody.
4 Mary: We don't want to do too much cooking, so what about making
it a wine and cheese party?
5 Ann: Suppose we ask everybody to bring a bottle?
6 Mary: Shall we hire glasses from our local wine shop? We haven't
many left.
7 Ann: If it's warm, how about having the party in the garden?
8 Mary: Why not have a barbecue?
9 Ann: Why not? We could ask Paul to do the cooking.
10 Mary: Last time we had a barbecue the neighbours complained
about the noise. Shall we ask everyone to speak in whispers?
11 Ann: Suppose we go round to the neighbours and apologize in
advance this time?
12 Mary: Why not invite the neighbours? Then the noise won't matter.
13 Ann: What a clever idea! Shall we start ringing everyone up tonight?
14 Mary: What about working out how much it will cost first?
Part 2 Put the following into indirect speech.
15 'What about a round-the-world cruise?' suggested Mrs Smith.
'What about renting a caravan? It's all we can afford,' said her
husband.
16 'Suppose you complain, Ann?' I said. 'The boss is more likely to
listen to you than to any of us.'
17 'You used to be a good tennis player,' she reminded him. 'Why don't
you take it up again?'
18 'Shall we talk there? It's not far,' he said. 'Yes, let's,' I said.
19 'What about joining a weaving class?' Ann said to me. 'There's one
starting soon.'
20 'Let's organize a sponsored cycle race,' said the children.
'What about a sponsored silence?' said the teacher with a grin.
21 'Where shall we meet?' I said. 'What about the hotel?' said Bill.
22 'Suppose you ring him, Ann, and ask him what he thinks of the
idea?' I said.
23 'I'm doing most of the work,' I pointed out. 'What about giving me a
hand?'
24 'Let's leave the washing-up till tomorrow,' he suggested. 'I hate
washing up last thing at night.'
25 'Suppose the children go on an adventure holiday this summer?'
suggested the father.
26 'Why don't you ask them what they'd like to do?' I said.
27 'Shall we begin training for the next London Marathon?' said Bill.
'I've no intention of running in marathons,' I said. 'Why don't you
ask Paul?'
28 'Why don't you put an advertisement in the local paper?' they
suggested to me.
97 Indirect speech: mixed types
• PEG chapter 31 (note especially 324)
Put the following into indirect speech, avoiding as far as possible the
verbs say, ask and tell and choosing instead from the following:
accept, accuse, admit, advise, agree, apologize, assure, beg, call
(= summon), call (+ noun/pronoun + noun), complain, congratulate,
deny, exclaim, explain, give, hope, insist, introduce, invite, offer,
point out, promise, protest, refuse, remark, remind, suggest, thank,
threaten, warn, wish.
1 He said, 'Don't walk on the ice; it isn't safe.'
2 'Miss Brown, this is Miss White. Miss White, Miss Brown,' he said.
3 'Here are the car keys. You'd better wait in the car,' he said to her.
4 'Please, please, don't tell anyone,' she said.
'I won't, I promise,' I said.
5 'Would you like my torch?' I said, holding it out.
'No, thanks,' he said. 'I have one of my own.' (Omit thanks)
6 Tom: I'll pay.
Ann: Oh no, you mustn't!
Tom: I insist on paying!
7 'Come in and look round. There's no obligation to buy,' said the
shopkeeper.
8 'If you don't pay the ransom, we'll kill the boy,' said the kidnappers.
9 'I won't answer any questions,' said the arrested man.
10 'He expects a lot of work for very little money,' complained one of
the typists.
'Yes, he does,' agreed the other.
11 'I wish it would rain,' she said.
12 'You pressed the wrong button,' said the mechanic. 'Don't do it
again. You might have a nasty accident.'
13 'Your weight's gone up a lot!' I exclaimed.
'I'm afraid it has,' she said sadly.
14 'I hope you'll have a good journey,' he said. 'Don't forget to send a
card when you arrive.'
15 'Hurrah! I've passed the first exam!' he exclaimed.
'Congratulations!' I said, 'and good luck with the second.'
16 'All right, I'll wait a week,' she said. (Omit all right)
17 'Many happy returns of your birthday!' we said.
'Thanks,' said the boy.
18 'Your door is the shabbiest in the street,' said the neighbour.
'It is,' I said.
19 'Cigarette?'~
'Thanks,' I said.
20 'I'll sell the TV set if you keep quarrelling about the programme,'
said their mother.
'No, don't do that! We won't quarrel any more,' said the children.
21 'I'll give you £500 to keep your mouth shut,' he said to me.
22 'I'll wait for you, I promise,' he said to me.
23 'I'm sorry I'm late,' she said. 'The bus broke down.'
24 'You've been leaking information to the Press!' said his colleagues.
'No, I haven't,' he said. 'Liar!' said Tom.
25 'I'll drop you from the team if you don't train harder,' said the
captain.
26 'If the boys do anything clever, you call them your sons,' complained
his wife. 'But if they do anything stupid, you call them mine.'
27 'Let's have a rest,'said Tom.
'Yes, let's,' said Ann.
28 'Ugh! There's a slug in my lettuce. Waiter!' he cried.
98 Indirect to direct speech
• PEG 307-22
Put the following into direct speech, using dialogue form:
Tom: Would you like to come for a drive tomorrow, Ann?
Ann: I'd love to etc.
Trip to Stratford
1 Tom invited Ann to come for a drive the following day.
2 Ann accepted with pleasure and asked where he was thinking of
going.
142
3 He said he'd leave it to her.
4 She suggested Stratford . . .
5 adding that she hadn't been there for ages.
6 Tom agreed and said that they might go on the river if it was a
fine day.
7 Ann wondered what was on at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
8 Tom said they'd find out when they got there . . .
9 adding that it was usually possible to get seats on the day of the
play.
10 He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten.
11 Ann said with regret that she couldn't as she had to type a report
first.
12 Tom expressed horror at the idea of working on Saturday . . .
13 and advised her to change her job.
14 She told him not to be ridiculous and explained that . . .
15 she had volunteered to type the report in return for a free afternoon
the following week.
16 She pointed out that she hadn't known that he was going to ask
her out.
17 Tom said he supposed it was all right b u t . . .
18 warned her not to make a habit of volunteering for weekend work.
19 Ann promised not to.
20 Tom said gloomily that he supposed she'd be busy all morning.
21 Ann assured him that she'd be finished by 11.00 and . . .
22 offered to meet him at the bus stop at Hyde Park Corner.
23 Tom said that it wasn't a very good meeting place and that he'd call
for her.
24 Ann said that that was very kind of him and that she'd be waiting in
the hall.
Hill climb
25 Tom suggested climbing to the top, adding that the view from there
was marvellous . . .
26 but Ann said that they'd been climbing for three hours and that she
was too tired to go any further.
27 She suggested that Tom should go on up while she went down and
waited there.
28 Tom agreed and handed her the car keys, advising her to wait in
the car.
29 He promised to be as quick as he could.
30 Ann said that if he was too long there'd be no lunch left, for she'd
have eaten it all.
143

Indirect speech Indirect speech
10 'He expects a lot of work for very little money,' complained one of
the typists.
'Yes, he does,' agreed the other.
11 'I wish it would rain,' she said.
12 'You pressed the wrong button,' said the mechanic. 'Don't do it
again. You might have a nasty accident.'
13 'Your weight's gone up a lot!' I exclaimed.
'I'm afraid it has,' she said sadly.
14 'I hope you'll have a good journey,' he said. 'Don't forget to send a
card when you arrive.'
15 'Hurrah! I've passed the first exam!' he exclaimed.
'Congratulations!' I said, 'and good luck with the second.'
16 'All right, I'll wait a week,' she said. (Omit all right)
17 'Many happy returns of your birthday!' we said.
'Thanks,' said the boy.
18 'Your door is the shabbiest in the street,' said the neighbour.
'It is,' I said.
19 'Cigarette?'~
'Thanks,' I said.
20 'I'll sell the TV set if you keep quarrelling about the programme,'
said their mother.
'No, don't do that! We won't quarrel any more,' said the children.
21 'I'll give you £500 to keep your mouth shut,' he said to me.
22 'I'll wait for you, I promise,' he said to me.
23 'I'm sorry I'm late,' she said. 'The bus broke down.'
24 'You've been leaking information to the Press!' said his colleagues.
'No, I haven't,' he said. 'Liar!' said Tom.
25 'I'll drop you from the team if you don't train harder,' said the
captain.
26 'If the boys do anything clever, you call them your sons,' complained
his wife. 'But if they do anything stupid, you call them mine.'
27 'Let's have a rest,'said Tom.
'Yes, let's,' said Ann.
28 'Ugh! There's a slug in my lettuce. Waiter!' he cried.
98 Indirect to direct speech
• PEG 307-22
Put the following into direct speech, using dialogue form:
Tom: Would you like to come for a drive tomorrow, Ann?
Ann: I'd love to etc.
Trip to Stratford
1 Tom invited Ann to come for a drive the following day.
2 Ann accepted with pleasure and asked where he was thinking of
going.
142
3 He said he'd leave it to her.
4 She suggested Stratford . . .
5 adding that she hadn't been there for ages.
6 Tom agreed and said that they might go on the river if it was a
fine day.
7 Ann wondered what was on at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
8 Tom said they'd find out when they got there . . .
9 adding that it was usually possible to get seats on the day of the
play.
10 He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten.
11 Ann said with regret that she couldn't as she had to type a report
first.
12 Tom expressed horror at the idea of working on Saturday . . .
13 and advised her to change her job.
14 She told him not to be ridiculous and explained that . . .
15 she had volunteered to type the report in return for a free afternoon
the following week.
16 She pointed out that she hadn't known that he was going to ask
her out.
17 Tom said he supposed it was all right b u t . . .
18 warned her not to make a habit of volunteering for weekend work.
19 Ann promised not to.
20 Tom said gloomily that he supposed she'd be busy all morning.
21 Ann assured him that she'd be finished by 11.00 and . . .
22 offered to meet him at the bus stop at Hyde Park Corner.
23 Tom said that it wasn't a very good meeting place and that he'd call
for her.
24 Ann said that that was very kind of him and that she'd be waiting in
the hall.
Hill climb
25 Tom suggested climbing to the top, adding that the view from there
was marvellous . . .
26 but Ann said that they'd been climbing for three hours and that she
was too tired to go any further.
27 She suggested that Tom should go on up while she went down and
waited there.
28 Tom agreed and handed her the car keys, advising her to wait in
the car.
29 He promised to be as quick as he could.
30 Ann said that if he was too long there'd be no lunch left, for she'd
have eaten it all.
143

Unit 6 : PASSIVE VOICE (& Causal Have)

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

. As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called

Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

 

Exercises

GRAMMAR

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/alfonsolopez/files/Passive%20Voice.pdf

http://english4bachillerato.wikispaces.com/file/view/passive_3.pdf

http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/vozpasiva.htm

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/3g3-get-passive.php

EXERCISES

EASY:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?03

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?04

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-past

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?present-perfect

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?future-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?05

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?06

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?07

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?08

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?09

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?present-progressive

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?past-progressive

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?past-perfect

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?future-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?conditional-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive/exercises?conditional-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/writing/summary/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/hadrians-wall

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/active-passive.html

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/active-passive.html

http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_passive2.htm

http://www.eslflow.com/Passivetenselessons.html

http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/active-passive-voice-exercise-3/

MORE DIFFICULT

http://ebookbrowse.com/100-active-passive-voice-exercises-with-answers-pdf-d316654698

http://www.scribd.com/doc/3546268/Active-and-Passive-Voice-Exercises

http://wwwedu.ge.ch/cptic/prospective/projets/anglais/exercises/passive4.htm

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/Grammar/Grammar-passive_voice.asp (10 + ex.)

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/3g8-passive-verb-patterns.php

http://www.eflnet.com/tutorials/passivevoice.php

http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/passive1.php

http://www.eflnet.com/grammar/passive2.php

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/active-passive.html

REPHRASING: PASSIVE 1

1. Someone must tell him about the accident.

2. They are going to rebuild the Town Hall.

3. People expect Barça will get to the final.

4. Nobody could find the lost climber.

5. The police have arrested the thieves.

6. Jane gave me a present for my birthday.

7. They are building a new car park in the neighbourhood.

8. I went to the hairdresser and he cut my hair.

9. People thought that Jimmy Hendrix was a genius.

10. People believe King Arthur lived in the 9th century.

11. People expect that Rodrigo Rato will resign due

to the BBVA scandal.

12. A professional photographer will take all my wed

ding photographs.

13. They told Peter not to play such loud music.

14. Everybody should read this article carefully.

15. Bob sold the house in the hill to Mr Brown.

16. People believe that the Loch Ness Monster reallyexisted.

17. My car needs servicing.

18. They sacked Mary last week.

19. Someone stole Ann's purse in the underground.

20. They filmed 55 Days in Peking in Spain.

KEY: PASSIVE 1

1. He must be told about the accident.

2. The Town Hall is going to be rebuilt.

3. It is expected that Barça will get to the final./

Barça is expected to get to the final.

4. The lost climber couldn't be found.

5. The thieves have been arrested by the police.

6. I was given a present for my birthday by Jane.

7. A new car park is being built in the neighbourhood.

8. I had my hair cut at the hairdresser's

9. Jimmi Hendrix was thought to be a genius./ It was

thought that Jimmi Hendrix was a genius.

10. It is believed that King Arthur lived in the 9th

century. / King Arthur is believed to have lived in the 9th century.

11. It is expected that Rodrigo Rato will resign due

to the BBVA scandal. /Rodrigo Rato is

expected to resign due to the BBVA scandal.

12. I will have my wedding photographs taken by a pr

ofessional photographer.

13. Peter was told not to play such loud music.

14. This article should be read carefully.

15. The house in the hill was sold to Mr Brown by Bob

16. It is believed that the Loch Ness Monster really

existed./ The Loch Ness Monster is believed to have

really existed.

17. My car needs to be serviced.

18. Mary was sacked last week.

19. Ann's purse was stolen in the underground./Ann g

ot her purse stolen in the underground./ Ann had

her purse stolen in the underground.

20. 55 Days in Peking was filmed in Spain

                             

                                

                                    She is having her hair done/cut/dyed

                    HAVING THINGS DONE/MANDAR HACER ALGO

                       THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

           Have /get + objeto + participio pasado = I have /get my watch mended

A. Se usa un verbo causativo para expresar las acciones que encargamos a alguien.

She always has her food delivered (en lugar de traerla ella, pide a alguien que se la traiga)

I got my phtograph taken for my passport (otra persona me hizo la foto)

Esta estructura tiene un significado pasivo, puesto que el sustantivo que va en medio recibe la acción expresada por el verbo en participio.

Nota:

a) get también indica que el objeto realiza personalmente la acción o se implica mucho en su ejecución.

When I get my homework done, I’ll match TV

b) have es un poco más formal que get y get es más frecuente que have en la forma imperativa.Example: Get your bedroom tidied at once!

.

Nótese la diferencia entre:

a) I’m going to have/get this chair restored

b) I’m going to restore this chair
En la frase a) yo voy a llevar la silla a alguien para que efectúe la restauración, mientras que en la b) soy yo mismo quien la efectúa.

B. Si quisiéramos mencionar quién hace la acción, podríamos añadir by + el agente al final de la frase.

Susan had her car repaired by a mechanic (Susan llevó el coche a un mecánico para que se lo arreglara)

C. El verbo causativo puede usarse prácticamente en cualquier tiempo, incluso en las formas continuas.

We’re having our house painted this week

Jack will be getting his messages sent by e-mail from now on

TENSE	HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Present Simple	I have/get my hair cut.
Past Simple	I had/got my hair cut.
Present Continuous	I'm having/getting my hair cut.
Past Continuous	I was having/getting my hair cut.
Present Perfect	I have had my hair cut.
Past Perfect	I had had my hair cut.
will	I will have my hair cut.
must	I must have my hair cut.
be going to	I'm going to have my hair cut.

D. La interrogativa y la negativa se forman como las de cualquier otro verbo

Do you have your car serviced regularly?

Did he get his house redecorated last week?

You won’t have your eyes tested next week

I’m not getting my hair cut today.

E. En situaciones en las que se quiere indicar que algo desagradable ha ocurrido en el pasado se suele usar have + objeto + participio

He had his car broken last week

I had my finger bitten during the fight

She had his mobile phone stolen while she was playing in the playground

GRAMMAR

USE

1. We use the structure have/get something done when we want to say that we ask someone else to do something for us.
Compare the sentences:
I fixed the washing machine. (I did it myself)
I had my washing machine fixed. (I asked someone to fix it for me)

FORM

Tense	have/get something done
Present Simple	I have/get my hair cut.
Past Simple	I had/got my hair cut.
Present Continuous	I'm having/getting my hair cut.
Past Continuous	I was having/getting my hair cut.
Present Perfect	I have had my hair cut.
Past Perfect	I had had my hair cut.
will	I will have my hair cut.
must	I must have my hair cut.
be going to	I'm going to have my hair cut.

2. We use CAUSATIVE HAVE to show that you ask someone to do something.
(have + someone + infinitive without TO.)

I had my sister do my exercises.
They had their mothers pick them at school.

3. We use CAUSATIVE GET to show the idea that someone convinces another person to do something.

(get + someone + infinitive WITH TO)
I got her to let me copy her homework.
He'll get them to arrive before 10 pm. 

4. We use CAUSATIVE MAKE to show the idea 'to force someone to do something'.

(make + someone + infinitive without TO.)
The mother made her kid do his homework.
Did teacher make you memorize all the poem?


http://www.eoioviedo.org/anacarmen/passive/causative%20verbs.pdf


Advanced Grammar

http://tx.english-ch.com/teacher/jocelyn/level-b/causatives-haveget/

EXERCISES


http://www.english4all.pro.br/intermhavegetdone.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/participles/exercises?08

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/havesomethingdone/menu.php

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=7326

http://www.eoioviedo.org/anacarmen/passive/causative%20verbs.pdf

http://www.englishvocabularyexercises.com/Grammar%20exercises/causatives.htm

 http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=1759

Fill the gaps with have and the verb in brackets in their correct forms.

1	We ___________ the roof ___________ last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)
2	Anne ___________ her hair ___________ every Friday afternoon. (do)
3	I ___________ the brakes ___________ three times a year. (check)
4	The government ___________ the whole town ___________ yesterday. (evacuate)
5	I ___________ my hard drive ___________ for a bigger one last week. (change)
6	When did you last ___________ the airconditioning ___________ ? (service)
7	You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should ___________ your eyes ___________ . (test)
8	After the plague of fleas, the boss ___________ the office ___________ . (disinfect)
9	Your cat's coughing. You need to ___________ him ___________ for parasites. (treat)
10	Daphne ___________ her legs ___________ once a fortnight. (do)
11	I normally ___________ my suit dry ___________ before a wedding. (clean)
12	The headmaster ___________ all the lockers ___________ for the missing footballs yesterday. (search)
13	Have you ___________ your house ___________ ? (double-glaze)
14	Have you ___________ that poster I bought you ___________ yet? (frame)
15	The house is in chaos. We're ___________ a new kitchen ___________ in. (put)

ANSWERS

1	We had the roof repaired last year. It cost us a packet. (repair)
2	Anne has her hair done every Friday afternoon. (do)
3	I have the brakes checked three times a year. (check)
4	The government had the whole town evacuated. (evacuate)
5	I had my hard drive changed for a bigger one. (change)
6	When did you last have the airconditioning serviced? (service)
7	You don't think Liv Tyler's beautiful?! You should have your eyes tested. (test)
8	After the plague of fleas, the boss had the office disinfected. (disinfect)
9	Your cat's coughing. You need to have him treated for parasites. (treat)
10	Daphne has her legs done once a fortnight. (do)
11	I normally have my suit dry cleaned before a wedding. (clean)
12	The headmaster had all the lockers searched for the missing footballs. (search)
13	Have you had your house double-glazed? (double-glaze)
14	Have you had that poster I bought you framed yet? (frame)
15	The house is in chaos. We're having a new kitchen put in at the moment. (put)

Transform these sentences using the causative have

1. A local firm redecorated our kitchen.

We by a local firm.

2. A doctor took out her tonsils when she was six.

She when she was six.

3. Be careful! These walls have just been painted.

Be careful! I painted.

4. There was a leak in the roof so they're fixing it now.

There was a leak in the roof so I  now.

5. The hairdresser should cut your hair. It's too long and untidy!

You . It's too long and untidy!

6. When will you call someone to repair the air conditioning? It's too hot in here!

When will you ? It's too hot in here!

7. When I was coming here, someone stole my purse on the bus.

When I was coming here, I on the bus.

8. If you don't get out right now, I'll ask the police to arrest you.

If you don't get out right now, I by the police.

ANSWERS:  http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=7326

                   

                  Unit 7 : MODAL VERBS

MEANING	TIME REFERENCE
	PRESENT / FUTURE	PAST
Ability	can	could
		was / were able to
		managed to
Possibility	may, might, could	would/might/could + have + pp (didn't actually happen)
		may/might/could + have + pp (don't know whether it happened or not)
Probability	will	---
Certainty	must, can't	must / can't + have + pp
Obligation	must, have to	had to
Necessity	have to, need to, need	had to / didn't have to
		didn't need to
		needn't have + pp
Advice	should, ought to, had better	should /ought to + have + pp (regret)
Requests	can, could	---
	Would you mind + -ing ...?
Permission	can, could, may	---
	Do you mind if I ...?
Offers	Shall I ...?	---
Suggestions	Shall we ...?	---
	Let's + V
	How about + -ing ...?
	Why don't we ...?

 

In order to understand English modal verbs, it is important to recognise how they can be used. Modal verbs in English can be used in TWO WAYS:

1.   To show LEVELS OF PROBABILITY (deduction).

2.   To perform SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS (additional meaning) like obligation, permission etc.

MODAL VERBS USED TO SHOW LEVELS OF PROBABILITY

LEVEL OF PROBABILITY	MODAL VERB	TIME = PRESENT & FUTURE	TIME = PAST
CERTAINTY	WILL (Be)	He'll be here by Friday.	That will / would have been Susan who called.
CERTAINTY	WON'T (Be)	She won't be here.	It won't / wouldn't have been John, I think he's in São Paulo.
IMPOSSIBILITY	CAN'T Be COULDN'T Be	It can't be Fred, he's in the USA. It couldn't be right.	He can't / couldn't have written this, he doesn't speak Arabic.
PROBABILITY (LOGICAL)	MUST (Be)	He must be right, he's an expert in this area.	He must have finished by now, he's a fast worker.
PROBABILITY (LOGICAL + PREFERENCE)	SHOULD (Be)	He should be finishing now, he's a fast worker.	He should have finished by now, the exam's nearly over.
POSSIBILITY	MIGHT (Be)	They might win, but I doubt it.	If they had played better, they might have won.
POSSIBILITY	MIGHT NOT (Be)	It's very cloudy, but I might not rain.	If I hadn't read that book I might not have passed the exam.
POSSIBILITY	MAY (Be)	We may go to Greece for our holidays.	She may have got lost.
POSSIBILITY	MAY NOT (Be)	I may not arrive on time.	He may not have done it.
POSSIBILITY	COULD (Be)	You could be right, but I doubt it.	He could have had an accident even though he's a very good driver.

MODAL VERBS USED TO PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION	MODAL VERB	TIME = PRESENT& FUTURE	TIME = PAST
COMPULSION	MAKE SB (Do)	She makes them tidy their room.	The teacher made them write it out six times.
PROHIBITION	CAN'T/NOT ALLOWED TO	My dad says that I can't see you anymore.	She wasn't allowed to see him anymore.
PERMISSION	MAY (Be)	May I go now?	I was allowed to go.
STRONG OBLIGATION	MUST (Do)	I must remember to pay the phone bill.	I had to apologize.
STRONG OBLIGATION	MUSTN'T (Do)	Mother: "you mustn't play with matches."	The children weren't allowed to play outside.
NO OBLIGATION	DON'T HAVE TO (Do)	I don't have to wake up early on Saturdays.	I was happy that I didn't have to see him again.
NO OBLIGATION	NEEDN'T (Do)	You needn't pay it now if you don't want to.	You needn't have done it, but I'm glad you did.
NO OBLIGATION	DON'T NEED TO (Do)	I don't need to study French anymore.	He didn't need to revise for the exam.
DUTY	SUPPOSED TO	Your supposed to arrive at work at 8am.	You were supposed to have done this by now.
DUTY	NOT SUPPOSED TO	You not supposed to be here!	I wasn't supposed to have been at the meeting.
FORMAL ADVICE	WOULD (Do)	I'd arrive on time if I were you.	I would have arrived on time if I'd been him.
FORMAL ADVICE	WOULDN'T (Do)	I wouldn't do that if I were you.	I wouldn't have done that if I'd been him.
INFORMAL ADVICE	SHOULD (Do)	You should always dress well at interviews.	You should have dressed well at the interview.
INFORMAL ADVICE	SHOULDN'T (Do)	You shouldn't speak to him like that.	You shouldn't have spoken to him like that.
INFORMAL ADVICE	OUGHT TO (Do)	You ought to be here earlier.	You ought to have been there earlier.
INFORMAL ADVICE	NOT OUGHT TO (Do)	You didn't ought to touch that.	You didn't ought to have done that.
REQUESTS	CAN (I/you)	Can/Could you help me, please?	I asked him to help me.
ABILITY	CAN (Do)	I can speak English.	I could speak English when I was five.
ABILITY	BE ABLE TO (Do)	Will you be able to come?	She was able to answer all the questions.
ABILITY	MANAGE TO (Do)	Does he manage to get here on time?	He managed to rescue her.
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR	WILL	She'll always do her homework.	She would always do her homework.
OFFERS	WILL	I'll help you with that.	I'd have helped you.
OFFERS	SHALL	Shall I give you a hand.	I should have helped you.
SUGGESTIONS	SHALL (LET'S)	Shall we meet at 9pm?	I suggested meeting at 9.
WILLINGNESS	WON'T (Do)	I won't do it!	She wouldn't do it.

Before using a modal verb, you must decide whether you are using it to show probability or possibility.

If the answer to this question is YES, then the present and future form will be:

                                                                                    +          VERB +          OBJECT

                                                MODAL VERB         +          BE       +          NOUN / ADJECTIVE

                                                                                    +          BE       +          GERUND

E.g.       They may arrive on time.                                             or

            He might be the right person for the job.                      or

            She should be arriving in a few minutes.

and the past form will be:

                                                MODAL VERB         +          PRESENT PERFECT

E.g.       It must have been a very difficult exam, everyone's looking worried.

If the answer to the question above is NO then things are much more complicated and you will have to learn the modal verb used, and its past tense form, depending on the function.

Modal verbs - Difficult cases

Probability and possibility.

CAN

'Could be' or 'could have been' mean that something is possible but you are NOT CERTAIN.

E.g.       "Where's John?"

            "I don't know. He could still be at home" or

            "I don't know. He could have gone home" (I've got no idea, it's just a guess)

BUT 'Can't be' or 'can't have been' are used to say that something is not possible: you are CERTAIN.

E.g.       "Where's John?"

            "I don't know. He can't still be at home because I've just come from there." or

            "I don't know. He can't have gone home because his car's still here." or

            "I don't know. He couldn't have gone home, I've just seen his car."

            ('Couldn't be' has the same meaning but is slightly weaker)

Specific functions

MUST AND HAVE TO

'Must' is used when the speaker has AUTHORITY to oblige someone to do something.

E.g.       (Doctor to patient)        "You must stop smoking immediately."

            (Mother to child)          "John. You mustn't speak like that to your grandmother."

            (To yourself)                 "I must remember to buy my mother a present."

THE PAST OF 'MUST' IS 'HAD TO'.

E.g.       I had to remember to take my car keys with me when I went to the airport.

When the obligation comes from another person or organization, HAVE TO is used.

E.g.       "I have to get up early tomorrow." (My job or a trip is obliging me to get up early)

            "How many years do you have to work before you can retire?" (Obligation from rules)

Note! the pronunciation of 'have to' is /HAFTA/

Only 'Have to' is possible in the will future or the present perfect.

'MUSTN'T' means that there is an obligation NOT TO DO SOMETHING.

BUT 'DON'T HAVE TO' means that there is NO OBLIGATION.

E.g.       (Teacher to student)      "You mustn't forget to revise your modal verbs before the exam,

                                                but you probably won't have to answer any difficult questions"

The past of mustn't is 'not be allowed to'.

E.g.       "My mother told me that I wasn't allowed to talk to strange men."

CAN FOR ABILITY

'Can' (do something), 'can't' (do something) and 'couldn't' (do something) are used with stative verbs and when the ability is GENERAL.

E.g.       "When the light went off I couldn't see anything." (stative verb)

            "I could swim when I was six years old." (I could swim at any time after 6 years old)

When you want to talk about ABILITY ON ONE SPECIFIC OCCASION you must use BE ABLE TO or MANAGED TO.

E.g.       I wasn't able to fix the engine because I didn't have the parts I needed.

Managed to is used to stress the successful completion of the activity.

E.g.       The girl was drowning, but the lifeguard managed to save her.

In the present 'can' and 'be able to' are sometimes interchangeable, but in the will future or in perfect tenses, 'be able to' or 'managed to' must be used.

REQUESTS

The modal verb which is used for a request depends on THE LEVEL OF FORMALITY.

In FORMAL SITUATIONS you can use WOULD or DO YOU MIND (DOING STH.).

E.g.       "Would/Do you mind if I open the window?" or

            "Would you mind turning down the music a bit?" (Talking to someone you don't know well)

In INFORMAL SITUATIONS use CAN (YOU DO STH.).

E.g.       "Dad, can we go to the cinema on Saturday?" or

            "John, can you pass me that book?" (Talking to a good friend or a member of your family)

In nearly ALL SITUATIONS you can use COULD (YOU DO STH. FOR ME).

E.g.       "Could you help me with this exercise, please?" or

            "Could I have six pounds of potatoes, please? (At home, in class or in shops)

OFFERS

WILL and SHALL are used when making offers.

WILL means I'M OFFERING TO HELP YOU.

It is usually used when you are talking to someone you know well, and it is obvious that you can help them.

E.g.       "Oh dear. There are so many dishes to wash!"

            "I'll help you do the washing up."

SHALL means I'M ASKING YOU IF YOU WANT ME TO HELP YOU.

It is usually used when you are talking to someone you don't know very well or when it is not clear that you can be of help.

E.g.       "Oh dear! These suitcases are very heavy."

            "Excuse me. Shall I help you with them?"  (Two people who don't know each other) or

            "I'd like to go to a party next Friday, but I haven't got anyone to look after my son."

            "Shall I baby-sit for you?" (I'm not qualified, but I'll help you if you like)

SHALL can also be used to make a suggestion. E.g. "Shall we go to the cinema tonight?"

WILL FOR CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR

When using this structure it should be contracted when writing and not stressed when speaking.

E.g.       "He'll always be there when you need help."

If it is stressed when speaking, it means that the behaviour is annoying.

E.g.       "He will keep on interrupting me."

NEEDN'T HAVE DONE v DIDN'T NEED TO DO

Needn't have done sth. means the action was completed, but was unnecessary.

E.g.       "You needn't have bought any butter. We've got lots of it."

Using 'didn't need to do sth.', we don't know if the action was completed, just that it wasn't necessary.

E.g.       "I didn't need to do any shopping because I was eating out that night."

 EXERCISE

Put the correct modal verb in its correct form combined with the verb in brackets to make deductions. In questions one to 6, try to use a different modal verb in each situation.

Situation : There are five milk bottles on their front door step.
1. They ____________________ (forget) to cancel their milk deliveries.
2. They ____________________ (wake up) yet.
3. There ____________________ (be) some guests staying with them.

Situation : His coat is on the floor.
4. He ____________________ (drop) it.
5. It ____________________ (be) his coat.
6. There ____________________ (be) some logical reason for it!

Put the correct modal verb in its correct form into the gaps.

7. He was very strong; he ____________________ ski all day and dance all night.
8. We ____________________ to borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet.
9. I was so far from the stage that I ____________________ see very well.
10. He sees very badly; he ____________________ wear glasses all the time.
11. NOTICE: All dogs ____________________ kept on leads!
12. Farmers ____________________ get up early.
13. You ____________________ drive fast; there is a speed limit here.
14. We ____________________ drive fast; we have plenty of time.
15. They ____________________ get up early; they were on holiday.
Complete these sentences in an appropriate way.
16. I left my bicycle here and now it's gone.
Someone ____________________ (steal) it.
17. I bought two bottles of milk.
You ____________________ (buy) milk; we have loads in the fridge.
18. I have just watered the roses.
You ____________________ (water) them. Look, it's raining now!

The modal verbs are:-

CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST / SHALL / SHOULD / OUGHT TO / WILL / WOULD 

Modal	Example	Uses
Can	They can control their own budgets.We can’t fix it. Can I smoke here? Can you help me?	Ability / PossibilityInability / Impossibility Asking for permission Request
Could	Could I borrow your dictionary?Could you say it again more slowly? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us.	Asking for permission.Request Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past
May	May I have another cup of coffee?China may become a major economic power.	Asking for permissionFuture possibility
Might	We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. They might give us a 10% discount.	Present possibility Future possibility
Must	We must say good-bye now.They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.	Necessity / ObligationProhibition
Ought to	We ought to employ a professional writer.	Saying what’s right or correct
Shall (More common in the UK than the US)	Shall I help you with your luggage?Shall we say 2.30 then? Shall I do that or will you?	OfferSuggestion Asking what to do
Should	We should sort out this problem at once.I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year.	Saying what’s right or correctRecommending action Uncertain prediction
Will	I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.I'll do that for you if you like. I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year.	Instant decisionsOffer Promise Certain prediction
Would	Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?Would you pass the salt please? Would you mind waiting a moment? "Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine." Would you like to play golf this Friday? "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."	Asking for permissionRequest Request Making arrangements Invitation Preferences

  Verbos modales ~ English Modal Verbs

Los verbos modals son una categoría de verbos auxiliares. Verbos modales también se llaman modales auxiliares o simplemente modales. Hay diez verbos modales ingleses:

can		could
may		might
shall		should
will		would
must		ought to

Los modales expresan el modo de un verbo: la capacidad, la posibilidad, la necesidad u una otra condición del verbo principal.
Estes verbos se usan con verbos principales para formar afirmaciones o preguntas. Los modales no tienen conjugaciones ni tiempo y no se pueden usar sin verbo principal.
En inglés, el verbo principal siempre queda en forma infinitiva sin to, excepto el modal ought.
En una afirmación, el orden de las palabras es sujeto + modal + verbo principal.

sujeto	modal	verbo principal
They Ellos	can pueden	come. venir.
Mike Mike	should debe	walk. caminar.

En las preguntas, el orden de palabras es modal + sujeto + verbo principal.

preguntas de sí o no (yes-no questions)
modal	sujeto	verbo principal
Can ¿Pueden	they	come? venir?
Should ¿Debería	Mike Mike	drive? manejar?

preguntas informativas (wh- questions)
wh- word	modal	sujeto	verbo principal
When ¿Cuándo	can pueden	they	come? venir?
How ¿Cómo	could podría	he	know? saber?

Can
El modal can, como el verbo español poder, indica una posibilidad o una capacidad.

Tom can help you.
Tom puede ayudarte.Wild animals can be dangerous.
Los animales salvajes pueden ser peligrosos.
Eating out can be costly.
Comer fuera puede ser costoso.

En preguntas, se utiliza can para solicitar permiso de hacer algo o sea para preguntar sobre una posibilidad.

Can I help you?
¿Puedo ayudarle?Can Mike have dinner with us?
¿Mike puede cenar con nosotros?
Who can answer the next question?
¿Quién puede contestar a la próxima pregunta?When can we get back the results?
¿Cuándo podemos tener los resultados?

Could
El modal could indica una posibilidad o una capacidad en el pasado.

I could have told you that.
Podría haberte dicho eso.
It could have been a disaster.
Podría haber sido un desastre.
When I was young, I could run very fast.
Cuando era jóven, podía correr muy rápidamente.

Could se utiliza para especular sobre unas posibilidades futuras. En estes ejemplos, could y might son sinónimos.

It could / might rain tonight.
Puede llover esta noche.This could / might be dangerous.
Eso puede / podría ser peligroso.

En las preguntas de sí o no, could especula sobre unas posibilidades en el presente o el futuro.

Could she be the murderer?
¿Puede / Podría ser ella el asesina?

Could this be a mistake?
¿Podría ser esto un error?

Could indica una opción.

We could go see a movie.
Podemos / Podríamos ver una película.I could become a doctor.
Puedo / Podría hacerme médico.

En las preguntas de sí o no, could hace una solicitud cortés. En estes ejemplos, could y can son sinónimos.

Could / Can you open your window?
¿Puede usted abrir su ventana? Could / Can you help me move this sofa?
¿Puedes ayudarme a mover este sofá?

Se usa could para formar el condicional el cual contiene dos oraciones: una con "if" (si) y la otra con el resultado. Could está puesto en la oración del resultado.
En estos afirmaciones, could expresa una situación hipotética:

If I had time, I could play tennis with you.
Si tuviera tiempo, podría jugar tennis contigo. We could study together, if you want to.
Podemos estudiar juntos, si quieres.
If it weren't raining, we could go on a picnic.
Si no estuviera lloviendo, podríamos ir de picnic.

Se usa could para especular sobre una posibilidad que no llega  hacer realizado porque una condición no llega hacer cumplido.

If we had left sooner, we could have taken the train.
Si hubiéramos salido más pronto, podríamos haber tomado el tren.I could have passed the exam, if I had studied more.
Podría haber pasado el examen si hubiera estudiado más.
I'm glad we took umbrellas. We could have gotten soaked.
Estoy feliz que hayamos llevado paraguas. Podríamos habernos empapado.

Shall y Will

Los modales will / shall + verbo principal forma el tiempo futuro y indican una intención o una acción que pasará en el futuro. No hay diferencia entre estos dos modales al usarlos en afirmaciones. Sin embargo, shall se usa muy raramente en inglés americano.

I will / shall close the door for you.
Cerraré la puerta para ti.Tom will / shall meet us at the train station.
Tom nos encuentrará en la estación de tren.
They will / shall leave tomorrow at 8:00.
Irán mañana a las ocho.

En preguntas informativas, se usan shall y will para saber de opciones o de datos.

Who will / shall drive the car?
¿Quién conducirá el coche? When will / shall I see you again?
¿Cuándo veré a ti otra vez?
How will / shall you get here?
¿Cómo llegarás aquí?

What time will / shall we meet?
¿A qué hora vamos a encontrarnos?

En preguntas de sí o no, shall y will no son sinónimos. Se usa will para solicitar un favor.

Will / Shall you turn off the TV?
¿Apagarás la televisión? = Apaga la televisión.
Will / Shall you stop whining?
¿Pararás de lloriquear? = Para con las quejicas.
Will / Shall you go with me?
¿Irás conmigo? = Ven conmigo.

Se usa will para solicitar información sobre una cosa o una persona.

Will / Shall Tom ever pay you back?
¿Tom nunca te devuelverá lo que te debe?
Will / Shall Mars be visited by humans within twenty years?
¿Marte será visitado por humanos dentro de veinte años?
Will / Shall you be finished soon?
¿Vas a terminar pronto?

Shall pregunta sobre preferencias o recomendaciones. En estos casos, shall y should son sinónomos. En inglés americano el uso de shall es muy raro, y se encuentra sólamente en la primera persona.

Should / Shall I close the door?
¿Cierro la puerta?Should / Shall he close the door?
¿Debe cerrar la puerta?
¿Sería bien si él cierra la puerta?
Should / Shall they come back later?
¿Regresarán más tarde?
¿Deben regresar más tarde?
Should / Shall Tom bring food to the party?
¿Lleva algo Tom para comer a la fiesta?Should / Shall we stay here?
¿Quedamos aquí?

May y Might

Los modales may y might son  casi sinónimos y indican una acción que puede pasar en el futuro.MAY indica más probabilidad (puede que...quizás)  que MIGHT (podría...tal vez...)

I may / might go to the park, or I may / might stay home.
Puede que vaya al parque, o quizá me queda en casa.This may / might be a bad idea.
Tal vez es una mala idea.
It may / might rain tonight.
Quizás llueva esta noche.

Es posible sustituir may con can al dar instrucciones o permiso.

You may / can now board the airplane.
Ahora, pueden embarcarse en el avión.You may / can begin the exam in ten minutes.
Pueden empezar el examen en diez minutos.

Es posible sustituir may con can en las preguntas de sí o no. La palabra may es mas cortés.

May / Can I see your driver's license?
¿Puedo ver su permiso de conducir?  May / Can we have some more water, please?
¿Podemos tener más agua por favor?

Es posible utilizar might en lugar de may o can. Sin embargo, en el inglés americano el uso de might en este contexto es muy raro.

May / Can / Might I be of some assistance?
¿Puedo asistirle? May / Can / Might we offer you a suggestion?
¿Podemos ofrecerle una sugerencia?

Must

El modal must indica obligación.

You must see this movie.
Tienen que ver esta película.Tom must see a doctor immediately.
Tom debe ver un médico inmediatamente.

Must puede indicar probabilidades o suposiciones.

You must be angry.
Estará enojado.My watch must be broken.
Mi reloj debe estar quebrado.
Supongo que mi reloj no sirve.
Quizás mi reloj esté roto.
He must have done that before moving to Spain.
Debería haberlo hecho antes de mudarse a España.
Tal vez lo hiso antes de mover a España.
A la mejor lo hiso antes de mudarse a España.

En las preguntas informativas, la palabra must indica una obligación y puede ser sinónomo con should. En el inglés americano should es mucho más corriente en este contexto.

When should / must we be there?
¿Cuándo debemos estar allá?Who should / must I talk to?
¿Con quién debo hablar?

Se puede usar must para preguntas retóricas.

Must you make so much noise?	=	Please be quiet.
¿Debes hacer tanto ruido?		Por favor, silencio.
Must he ask so many questions?	=	I hope he stops asking questions.
¿Debe hacer tantas preguntas?		Espero que termina con sus  preguntas.

Should y Ought (to)
Los modales should y ought indican una obligación por la cual la resulta no es cierta. Should y ought son sinónomos.

You should / ought to call your mother.
Debes llamar a tu mamá.I should / ought to go home now.
Ya debo irme a casa.

En preguntas, se usa should para saber si existe una obligación. En el inglés americano nunca se usa ought en preguntas.

Should he call her?
¿Debe llamarle a ella?Should we pay now?
¿Pagamos ahora?
When should we leave?
¿Cuándo debemos salir?What should I wear?
¿En qué debo vestirme?

Would
El modal would seguido de la palabra like es una manera cortés de indicar una preferencia.

I would like white wine with my fish.
Me gustaría el vino blanco con mi pescado.We would like a room with a view.
Nos gustaría un cuarto con una vista.

En preguntas, would like es una forma de cortés para solicitar una decisión.

Would you like soup or salad with your meal?
¿Prefiere la sopa o una ensalada con su comida?Where would you like to eat dinner?
¿Dónde le gustaría cenar?
When would Tom like this delivered?
¿Cuándo quiere Tom que eso esté entregado?

Would puede hacer que una solicitud sea más cortés.

Come here!	Would you come here?
¡Ven aquí!	Favor de venir aquí.
Stop making that noise!	Would you stop making that noise?
¡Deja de hacer este ruido!	Favor de dejar de hacer este ruido.

Would se utiliza para explicar una acción que resulta de una condición verdadera o supuesta.

I would go with you if I didn't have to work.
Iría contigo si no tuviera que trabajar.If I had not had to work, I would have gone with you.
Si no hubiera tenido que trabajar, hubiera ido contigo.
She would be surprised if you came to the party.
Estaría sorprendida si viniera a la fiesta.Tom would drive, but he doesn't have a license.
Tom manejaría pero no tiene permiso de conducir.

Would introduzca unas acciones habituales del pasado. (Como "USED TO"pero tiene que llevar algo que indique que estamos hablando del pasado y no del futuro. Además no se usa con verbos de estado)

When I was a student, I would go swimming every day./ I used to go swimming
Cuando era estudiante, iba a nadar todos los días.When Tom lived in France, he would write me long letters./he used to write me long...
Cuando Tom vivía en Francia, me escribía cartas detalladas.

¿Qué son los VERBOS MODALES?

 

Los verbos can, could, may, might, will, would, should, and must, son llamados verbos auxiliares modales, son usados antes de los infinitivos de otros verbos, y muestran en cierta manera el grado de seguridad, certeza, obligación, etc. de las acciones que se llevan a cabo.

1. Gramática
a. los verbos modales no llevan `s' en la 3º persona del singular.
Ej. She should go to the doctor.
b. después de los modales usamos el infinitivo sin el `to'
ej. She must water the plants.

2. Clases de significado de los modales

Una clase de significado de los modales, es el grado de certeza: los modales son usados para decir que una situación es segura, probable, posible o imposible.
La otra clase de significado tiene que ver con la obligación y la libertad de acción: los modales pueden ser usados para decir que alguien está obligado a hacer algo, que es capaz de hacer algo, que algo esta permitido o prohibido.
Grados de certeza

Los siguientes modales son usados para mostrar distintos grados de certeza sobre un hecho o evento:
a) certeza total: (positiva o negativa)

must, mustn't, will, won't, can, can't.

b) probabilidad / posibilidad.

Should, shouldn't, may, may not

c) débil probabilidad o posibilidad

might, might not, could, couldn't

d) condicionalidad o posibilidad.

Would, wouldn't, could, couldn't.

Obligación y libertad de acción

Los verbos modales son usados para expresar aspectos varios de obligación y libertad. Estos usos de los verbos modales son muy importantes en expresiones de educación, sugerencias, invitaciones e instrucciones.
a) obligación fuerte.

Must

b) prohibición

             must not, can't

c) obligación débil: sugerencia o recomendación

                                   should, might, may

d) voluntad, insistencia y ofrecimientos.              Will, would

e) permiso          can, may, might(muy formal)

f) habilidad              can, be able to






Exercise 1:

Complete the sentences using the modal verbs listed in the boxes below. Some
gaps may have more than one correct answer.

1. Lucy's engagement ring is enormous! It                   have cost a fortune. 
 CAN  COULD     MUST   MIGHT    SHOULD
2. If you want to get a better idea about Bristol, you                  walk uptown and
explore the district called Clifton. 
 CAN  COULD     MUST   MIGHT    SHOULD
3. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone on holiday. If they don't get
enough water, they                                      die.  
 CAN  COULD     MUST   MIGHT    SHOULD
4. You                                    take your umbrella along with you today. The weather
forecast said there will be some heavy showers today.
 CAN  COULD     MUST   MIGHT    SHOULD
5. I'm not really sure where Helen is. She                                    be in the living room, or
perhaps she's in the garden. 
 CAN  COULD     MUST   MIGHT    SHOULD
6. You                               be kidding! It can't be true.
 CAN  COULD     MUST   MIGHT    SHOULD


Exercise 2:

Choose the correct substitute for each modal verb. 

1. He needs to go to the hospital.  He                      go to the hospital. 
 HAS TO IS ALLOWED TO     IS ABLE TO
2.  I can use a word processor. I                        use a word processor. 
 HAVE TO  AM SUPPOSED  TO     AM ABLE TO
© W. B. F. L. -  www.ispilledthebeans.com - MODAL VERBS
3. The children may watch TV tonight.  The children                                   watch TV. 
 HAVE TO  ARE ALLOWED TO     ARE SUPPOSED TO
4. You mustn't drive without a license.  You                                    drive without a license
 DO NOT HAVE TO  ARE NOT ALLOWED  TO     ARE NOT ABLE TO

Exercise 3:

Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal verbs (can, could / may, might / have
to .... ) in order to express the following ideas. (obligation, possibility ...)

1.    obligation -         (I/stop) smoking doctor?
       possibility - No, but if you don't stop you         die.

2.   advice It's going to be very cold  tonight so you ......... turn on
the central heating.

3. obligation That job is only open to university graduates. You.............have 
at least a bachelor's degree to apply.

4.  no necessity /absence of obligation :I can stay in bed on Saturday because I  ..............work.

5. permission -   ......................  I borrow your car tomorrow ?
     possibility - No because I   ................ need it if I go shopping.

6. possibility It   ...................  rain, but I doubt it. 


Exercise 4:

Fill in the blank with the appropriate modal based on the situational hints in italics.

1. I'm in terrible shape. I ................................... exercise more!

(I feel that more exercise is an absolute necessity for me)
2. ................................... you copy this and learn it by heart for tomorrow morning. 
(Do you have the capacity to do this)
3. Jane ................................... be sent to Australia for her job but nothing's decided yet.
(the trip is possible but at the moment nothing is certain)



GRAMMAR & EXERCISES AT  

If you have problems with th links, COPY & PASTE.

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g3-modals-deduction-exercise.php


http://www.gingersoftware.com/grammarbook/verbs/modal-verbs/

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/allexercises/grammar/grammar-modal_verbs.asp

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-probability-exercise-2.html

http://www.classicelectrics.com/modal-verbs-exercises-pdf-with-answers/

http://www.e-grammar.org/modal-verbs-can-may-must/

 http://www.richardsclafani.com/modal-verbs-exercises-pdf-with-answers/

 http://www.eslflow.com/Modalslessonplans.html

 http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalintro.html

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal1.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal2.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal3.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal4.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal5.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal6.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal7.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal8.htm

http://www.inglesmundial.com/B12/grammar.htm

http://english.baladre.org/sedaviwebfront/hadbetter.htm

http://www.better-english.com/easier/must2.htm

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g3-modals-deduction-exercise.php

http://www.eflworksheets.com/onlineexercises/elementary/grammar/obligation1.htm

http://www.aulafacil.com/CursoIngles/Ejercicios43.htm

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g8-must-have-to-difference.php

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g9-mustnt-dont-have-to-difference.php

http://www.english-zone.com/verbs/can-cant.html

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/could/exercise4.swf

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/wish1.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/wishes.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/wish2.htm

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/exercise.asp?exid=917

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/exercise.asp?exid=914

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex1.htm

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex2.htm

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex3.htm

http://www.english-4u.de/modal_verbs_ex4.htm

http://www.xtec.cat/~ogodoy/sac/rephrasing/rephrexercises.htm

http://www.englishexercises.org/buscador/buscar.asp?nivel=any&age=0&tipo=any&contents=modals#a

http://www.gingersoftware.com/grammarbook/verbs/modal-verbs/

MODAL VERBS EXERCISES + KEY

                                  1-- CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1- When you talk to him, I think you ________________________ tell him that you're sorry.                             

                a)- ought                   b)- should                     c)- could

2- You _______________________ report a car accident to the police if someone is injured. It's the law.

                       a)- must                    b)- are able to                 c)- needed to

3- That was a serious fall! _____________________ walk?

                       a)- Do you have to                b)- Can you                   c)- Shall you

4- Let's cancel the trip today. It __________________ snow.

                       a)- might                 b)- ought to                     c)- doesn't have to

5- The sports equipment _________________ stay on the field. It's going to rain soon.

                       a)- doesn't need to          b)- doesn't have to              c)- shouldn't

6- ___________________ you help me? I don’t understand the maths homework.

                       a)- Would                 b)- Shall                       c)- May

7- Are you cold? __________________________ I close the window?    

                       a)- Would                        b)- Shall                         c)- Could

8- I’m late. I ______________________ go now.                           

                       a)- can                             b)- have to                        c)- am able to    

9- He left an hour ago. He _____________________ arrive any minute.     

                       a)- may                             b)- must                        c)- can

10- ___________________ use your phone?      

                      a)- May I                          b)- Am I able to                 c)- Do I need to

11- John has got a cast on his arm. He ________________________ it.

                      a)- must have broken        b)- should have broken     c)- could have broken

12- The dog is barking. Someone _____________________ on the door.

                      a)- should have knocked       b)- needn’t have knocked      c)- might have 
knocked

13- You didn’t wear a coat in the snow! You _________________________ ill.

                      a)- must have got      b)- could have got      c)- should have got

14- Jan and Cathy aren’t speaking to each other. They ______________________ .

                      a)- should have argued       b)- must have argued       c)- could have argued
  

15- There aren’t any lights. I’m sure there ______________________ a problem with the electricity.
                      a)- must have been      b)- ought to have been    c)- might have been

16- The food is delicious. You ____________________________ it. 
                      a)- should eat            b)- had better eat        c)- had better to eat

17- Don’t wait for us. We ____________________________ late.          

                      a)- might be         b)- might have been       c)- should be    
    

18- Joe isn’t aware of the terrible news. He _____________________ away when it happened.

                     a)- Must be       b)- must have been          c)- would have been

19- He doesn’t work on Saturdays, so he _____________________________ get up early.                                                                      

                     a)- needn’t            b)- had better not        c)- had better  
                                                                                          

20- I’m angry with Jeff. He ___________________________ me to wish me good luck.

                     a)- could have called        b)- may have called        c)- could has called

                                2—COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE MODAL OR MODAL  PERFECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS:

1-I’m beginning to worry. Julie _______________________________ ( should / call) by now.

2-Steven ________________________________ (may/travel)  to Brazil this summer.

3-You __________________________________ (can / go) whenever you want.

4-That man looks familiar. I _____________________________________ ( must / see ) him somewhere before.

5-Water the plant and keep it in a shady place. It _______________________________ ( might / grow ) well indoors.

6-That’s an expensive necklace. You ___________________________________ ( ought to / keep ) it for special occasions.

7-Shelley’s clothes all have designer labels. They _________________________ (must / cost) a lot of money.

8-Lee __________________________________ ( could / leave ) before the rain began, but she decided to stay.

9-He hasn’t brought the books. He __________________________________ ( must / forget ) them.

10-Dave arrived late for the meeting. He ________________________________ ( should / call ) us to say that he was delayed.

                                 3—REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS IN BRACKETS WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR ORIGINAL MEANING:

1-There was no reason for you to worry so much. (needn’t have)  =

2- I assume that John stayed for football practice. (must have)   =

3- It’s important that Jill goes to a doctor. (should)   =

4- There’s a possibility that our team will win. (might)    =

5- I’m sorry you didn’t call. (should have)   =

6-I think there was a fire in the forest. (might have)  =

7-It looks like Randy got the job. (must)  =

8-Perhaps Harvey left work early today.(might have)   =

9- I’m sure you’re able to run faster than you actually did. (could have)    =

10-The secretary was able to ask her boss for a raise, but she didn’t want to . (could have)  =

                                 4—THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES CONTAIN MISTAKES. REWRITE THEM CORRECTLY.

1-The students must have wait for hours.  =

2-You ought to have  invite Jim: He was very upset.  =

3- It might have been cold tomorrow so take a coat.   =

4-You must have apologised to Sue after you insulted her. =

5- We must have left immediately.          

6-You could come with us. There was room in the car.  =

7-Barry and Jill might have travelled together, but they’re still not sure.

8-I could have read when I was five years old.

9-You must had made a mistake.  =

10-James might have bought a new Discman tomorrow.  =

KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY KEY

                              ANSWERS -  MODAL VERBS - SENTENCES -  BACH.

                                  1-- CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

1- When you talk to him, I think you ________________________ tell him that you're sorry.                             

                a)- ought                                      b)- should                                     c)- could

2- You _______________________ report a car accident to the police if someone is injured. It's the law.

                       a)- must                                        b)- are able to                                c)- needed to

3- That was a serious fall! _____________________ walk?

                       a)- Do you have to                         b)- Can you                                   c)- Shall you

4- Let's cancel the trip today. It __________________ snow.

                       a)- might                                       b)- ought to                                  c)- doesn't have to

5- The sports equipment _________________ stay on the field. It's going to rain soon.

                       a)- doesn't need to                          b)- doesn't have to                         c)- shoudn't

6- ____________ you help me? I don’t understand the maths homework.

                       a)- Would                                       b)- Shall                                       c)- May

7- Are you cold? _______________ I close the window?   

                          a)- Would                                     b)- Shall                                       c)- Could

8- I’m late. I ___________ go now.                               

                         a)- can                                           b)- have to                                    c)- am able to                             

 9- He left an hour ago. He _____________ arrive any minute.     

                          a)- may                                        b)- must                                         c)- can

10- ______________ use your phone?      

                           a)- May I                                    b)- Am I able to                             c)- Do I need to

11- John has got a cast on his arm. He _____________ it.

                           a)- must have broken               b)- should have broken                  c)- could have broken

12- The dog is barking. Someone _________ on the door.

                           a)- should have knocked             b)- needn’t have knocked             c)- might have knocked

13- You didn’t wear a coat in the snow! You _________________ ill.

                           a)- must have got                         b)- could have got                       c)- should have got

14- Jan and Cathy aren’t speaking to each other. They __________ .

                          a)- should have argued                    b)- must have argued               c)- could have argued  

15- There aren’t any lights. I’m sure there _________________ a problem with the electricity.

                         a)- must have been                          b)- ought to have been                  c)- might have been

16- The food is delicious. You ________________ it.  

                        a)- should eat                                   b)- had better eat                           c)- had better to eat

17- Don’t wait for us. We ______________ late.           

                        a)- might be                                     b)- might have been                      c)- should be

18- Joe isn’t aware of the terrible news. He ______________ away when it happened.

                       a)- Must be                                        b)- must have been                       c)- would have been

19- He doesn’t work on Saturdays, so he _____ get up early.  

                       a)- needn’t                                         b)- had better not                           c)- had better

20- I’m angry with Jeff. He _______________ me to wish me good luck.

                     a)- could have called                          b)- may have called                         c)- could has called

                                2—COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE MODAL OR MODAL  PERFECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS:

1-I’m beginning to worry. Julie __should have called______ ( should / call) by now.

2-Steven ______may travel____________ (may/travel)  to Brazil this summer.

3-You ______can go_________ (can / go) whenever you want.

4-That man looks familiar. I _______must have seen_________ ( must / see ) him somewhere before.

5-Water the plant and keep it in a shady place. It ________might grow___________ ( might / grow ) well indoors.

6-That’s an expensive necklace. You ________ought to keep________ ( ought to / keep ) it for special occasions.

7-Shelley’s clothes all have designer labels. They ______must have cost_____________(must / cost) a lot of money.

8-Lee ____could have left_____________ ( could / leave ) before the rain began, but she decided to stay.

9-He hasn’t brought the books. He _________must have forgotten____________ ( must / forget ) them.

10-Dave arrived late for the meeting. He _______should have called_______ ( should / call ) us to say that he was delayed.

                     3—REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS IN BRACKETS WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR ORIGINAL MEANING:

1-There was no reason for you to worry so much. (needn’t have)  =  You needn’t have worried so much

2- I assume that John stayed for football practice. (must have)   =  John must have stayed for football practice

3- It’s important that Jill goes to a doctor. (should)   =   Jill should go to a doctor

4- There’s a possibility that our team will win. (might)    =  Our team might win

5- I’m sorry you didn’t call. (should have)   =   You should have called

6-I think there was a fire in the forest. (might have)  = There might have been a fire in the forest

7-It looks like Randy got the job. (must)  =  Randy must have got the job

8-Perhaps Harvey left work early today.(might have)   =   Harvey might have left work early today

9- I’m sure you’re able to run faster than you actually did. (could have)    =  I’m sure you could have run faster than you actually did

10-The secretary was able to ask her boss for a raise, but she didn’t want to . (could have)  =   The secretary could have asked her boss for a raise, but she didn’t want to

       4—THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES CONTAIN MISTAKES. REWRITE THEM CORRECTLY.

1-The students must have wait for hours.  =  ..... waited ....

2-You ought to have  invite Jim: He was very upset.  =  ...... invited ......

3- It might have been cold tomorrow so take a coat.   =   ......... might be ....... 

4-You must have apologised to Sue after you insulted her. =  .......should .......    

5- We must have left immediately. =  .....leave ....          

6-You could come with us. There was room in the car.  =  .......have come .....

7-Barry and Jill might have travelled together, but they’re still not sure. =  ......travel .

8-I could have read when I was five years old. =  ...... read ....

9-You must had made a mistake.  =  ..... have ....

10-James might have bought a new Discman tomorrow.  =   ...... buy .......



Law & Order Vocab nad more...

http://englishwithoutend.blogspot.com.es/2011/03/law-and-order.html

UNIT 8 -ING OR (TO-)INFINITIVE?

Bare infinitive only

Generally speaking, bare infinitive structures are much less common than to-infinitive structures, but after certain verbs they are necessary.

We use the infinitive without to after modal auxiliary verbs will, shall, would, could, can (but not be able to), may, might, must (but not have to), should (but not ought to), and needn't, (but not need to, which behaves like a normal verb). Compare the following:

• I can't agree with you on this, though I would like to be able to help you.
• You must finish your own work before you go out, but youdon't have to help your sister.
• It will be hot and sunny today so you should put on plenty of sunscreen and you ought to wear a hat.
• He needn't take time off work, but he needs to rest in the evenings and get a good night's sleep before he sets off on the new expedition.

After the object after certain verbs, such as hear, see, make, let,there is no to:

• I saw him pour the medicine down the loo and I heard him laugh to himself.
• I cannot make you take this medication, I can only ask you to take it.
• I can't let you go to bed hungry. You must let me prepare you some supper.

After verbal idioms would rather and had better there is no to:

• I'd rather swim in the pool than go down to the beach.
  Geoffrey has just driven up in his car. You'd better see what he wants.

All of these, however, represent exceptions to the general rule. Most infinitive structures begin with to:

• I decided to leave work early. I intended to be home before six. And I had arranged to play tennis with Joan in the evening.

to-infinitive or bare infinitive

Help is a verb that can be used with or without to and with or without an object before the infinitive. When we use it without an infinitive it sometimes sounds more informal. Compare the following:

• Could you help me to look for my car keys? I can't find them anywhere.
• Could you help me look for my car keys? I can't find them anywhere.
• Would you like to help to cook dinner tonight? It's late and I'm feeling tired.
• Would you like to help cook dinner tonight? It's late and I'm feeling tired.

There are one or two other structures where to-infinitive and thebare infinitive are both possible. Expressions with do or did, such as what I've done or all I did can follow either pattern.

• I hate shopping so what I've done is (to) order a new computer over the Internet.
• All I did was (to) suggest that she should lend him no more money. I didn't insist on it.

When two infinitive structures are connected by and, or or, exceptor but and than or as, it is normal practice to omit to in the second clause. Compare the following:

• I would like you to tidy the house and (to) wash the dishesbefore I get home.
• Would you prefer to have a snack now or (to) wait until later before we eat?
• I could find nothing to do this afternoon, except read my book.
  My son does nothing but watch TV when he gets home from school.
• It's quicker to bike to the station rather than take the car.
• I have to fix breakfast for everybody as well as take the children to school before I can leave for work.

ING form or Infinitive

Criterios generales:

Para saber cuándo hay que poner la forma -ING o el INFINITIVO en este artículo distinguiremos:

1. Verbos que generalmente van seguidos por un verbo en la forma -ING.

2. Verbos que puede ir seguidos alternativamente por verbos con la forma -ING o INFINITIVO, y que, en ocasiones, cambian de significado según se opte por una u otra forma.

Grupos de verbos y significados

1.- Lista de verbos que generalmente (*) van seguidos de verbos en la forma -ING.

Verbos	Ejemplos
admit admitir	They admitted going there. Admitieron haber ido allí.
appreciate apreciar	We appreciate doing that. Apreciamos hacer eso.
avoid evitar	I avoid seeing him. Evito verlo.
burst out (crying/laughing) Romper a llorar, reirse a carcajadas.	· He burst out crying when I told him the thruth. Se echó a llorar cuando le dije la verdad. · He burst out laughing when he saw me. Se rió a carcajadas cuando me vio.
consider considerar, plantearse.	We considered buying that house.Nos planteamos comprar esa casa.
contemplate Contemplar, considerar	They contemplated selling it. Consideraron venderla.
delay Retrasar, posponer.	I delayed telling the truth.Pospuse contar la verdad.
deny negar	He denied stealing my purse.Negó haber robado mi cartera.
detest detestar	I detest working on Saturdays.Detesto trabajar los sábados.
dislike no gustar	We dislike walking back home.No nos gusta caminar de vuelta a casa.
endure soportar, aguantar.	She won't endure having an operation.Ella no soportará una operación.
enjoy disfrutar	I enjoy coming here. Disfruto viniendo aquí.
escape escapar	We escaped running. Escapamos corriendo.
face enfrentarse	He will face having to resign.Se enfrentará a tener que renunciar.
fancy gustar	She would fancy living there.A ella le gustaría vivir allí.
feel like tener ganas,apetecer	I don't feel like going there.No tengo ganas de ir ahí.
finish terminar	We finish working at 6pm.Terminamos de trabajar a las 6pm
forgive perdonar	Forgive me for interrupting. Perdonarme por interrumpir.
give up renunciar,dejar de (actividad)	He gave up writing every day.Renunció a escribir todos los días.
can't help no poder evitar	I can't help talking in class.No puedo evitar hablar durante la clase.
imagine imaginar	We couldn't imagine living with her.No nos podíamos imaginar viviendo con ella.
involve Suponer, involucrar,implicar	That involved calling many people.Eso suponía llamar a mucha gente.
keep on continuar,seguir	You should keep on trying.Deberías continuar intentándolo.
leave off dejar (a un lado), parar	I'm going to have to leave off writing.Voy a tener que dejar de escribir.
mention mencionar	She never mentioned selling it.Ella nunca mencionó haberlo vendido.
mind importar	I don't mind you coming here.No me importa que vengas aquí.
miss perder, errar. librarse	You missed getting wet. Te libraste de mojarte.
postpone aplazar, posponer	He always postpones helping me.Siempre pospone ayudarme.
practice practicar	I haven't practiced reading for a long time.No he practicado la lectura durante mucho tiempo.
put off postergar, posponer	He put off signing the contract several times.Postergó la firma del contrato varias veces.
resent molestar, sentar mal	I resent coming here. Me sienta mal venir aquí.
resist resistir	He couldn't resist saying something.Él no pudo resistir decir algo.
risk arriesgar	I don't want to risk losing you.No quiero arriesgarme a perderte.
can't stand No soportar	We can't stand listening to you.No soportamos escucharte.
suggest sugerir	They suggested flying to Rome.Sugirieron volar a Roma.
understand Entender, comprender.	I understand why being good is important.Comprendo porque ser bueno es importante.

(*) NOTA: Generalmente quiere decir que es lo más frecuente, aunque puede ser que en ocasiones aparezcan seguidos de verbos en infinitivo.

2. Lista de verbos que pueden ir seguidos de la forma -ING o INFINITIVO. Algunos de estos verbos cambian de significado según se opte por la forma -ING o INFINITIVO.

Verbo	Significado con -ING	Significado con INFINITIVO
advise aconsejar	Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING -I don't advise coming here on Sundays.No aconsejo venir aquí los domingos.	Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO. -I don't advise you(object) to come here on Sundays.No te aconsejo que vengas aquí los domingos.
allow permitir	Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING -He doesn't allow smoking in his room.No permite fumar en su habitación.	Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.-He doesn't allow you (objeto) to smoke in his room.No te permite fumar en su habitación.
be accustomed to estar acostumbrado/a a *Pero be used to+ -ING	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -He isn't accustomed to being with you. No está acostumbrado a estar contigo.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -He isn't accustomed to be with you. No está acostumbrado a estar contigo.
be committed to comprometerse.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -She is committed to doing that. Ella está comprometida a hacer eso.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -She is committed to do that. Ella está comprometida a hacer eso.
can't bear no poder soportar	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -They can't bear having an operation. No pueden soportar una operación.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -They can't bear to have an operation. No pueden soportar una operación.
begin empezar	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -When you begin talking,I'll leave. Cuando empieces a hablar me marcharé.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -When you begin to talk, I'll leave. Cuando empieces a hablar me marcharé.
continue continuar	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -You should continue reading. Deberías continuar leyendo.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -You should continue to read. Deberías continuar leyendo.
forbid prohibir	Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING - They forbade smoking. Prohibieron fumar.	Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.They forbade me(object) to smoke. Me prohibieron fumar.
forget olvidar	Utilizamos la forma -ING cuando nos referimos acciones realizadas en el pasado.( (no) olvidar haber hecho) -I'll never forget working with you. Nunca me olvidaré de haber trabajado contigo.	Utilizamos el INFINITIVO cuando nos referimos a acciones pendientes.-I always forget to take the garbage out. Siempre me olvido de sacar la basura.
go on continuar	Significa continuar -You can go on talking.Puedes continuar hablando.	Significa un cambio de actividad.-She was angry and went on to call me.Estaba enfadada y fue a llamamarme.
hate odiar	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo. - I hate doing the homework. Odio hacer los deberes.	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo. - I hate to dohomework. Odio hacer los deberes.
hear oír	Nos referimos a una acción que se prolonga en el tiempo.-I .heard her singing La oí cantando ( y siguió haciéndolo)	Nos referimos una acción que empezó y acabó.-I heard her sing a song. La oí cantar una canción (y acabarla)
intend tener intención de	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -We intended staying there. Teníamos la intención de quedarnos allí.	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo -We intended to stay there. Teíamos la intención de quedarnos allí.
learn aprender	Se refiere a materias de estudio.- He learned swimming when he was very young.Aprendió natación cuando era muy joven.	Se refiere al resultado de ese estudio.-He learned to swim very well.Aprendió a nadar muy bien.
like gustar	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.- I like walking in the rain. Me gusta caminar bajo la lluvia.	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.I like to walk in the rain. Me gusta caminar bajo la lluvia.
love amar, encantar	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo. - I love eating chocolate. Me encanta comer chocolate.	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo. I love to eat chocolate. Me encanta comer chocolate.
permit permitir	Si no hay complemento (objeto) utilizamos -ING -They permitted touching the objects. Permitían tocar los objetos.	Si hay complemento (objeto) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.-They permitted me (objeto) to touch the objects.Me permitieron tocar los objetos.
prefer preferir	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo. -I prefer coming here. Prefiero venir aquí.	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo. -I prefer to come here. Prefiero venir aquí.
propose proponer	Si no hay complemento (object) utilizamos -ING.-He proposed using a new method.Propusó utilizar un nuevo método.	Si hay complemento (object) utilizamos el INFINITIVO.-He proposed me(objeto) to bring my cds.Me propusó que trajera mis cds.
regret lamentar	Se refiere a una acción del pasado que lamentamos haber realizado. -I'll always regret doing that. Siempre lamentaré haber hecho eso.	Se utiliza para anunciar malas noticias.-I regret to tell you that we aren't leaving.Lamento decirte que no nos vamos.
remember recordar	Utilizamos la forma -ING cuando nos referimos a acciones realizadas en el pasado.(que recordamos (no)haber hecho) -I remember running very fast. Recuerdo haber corrido muy rápido.	Utilizamos el INFINITIVO cuando nos referimos a acciones pendientes. -I must remember to run everyday. Debo recordar (que debo) correr todos los días.
see ver	Nos referimos a una acción que se prolonga en el tiempo.(ver HEAR)-She saw you painting the wall. Ella te vio pintando la pared.	Nos referimos a una acción que empezó y acabó.-She saw you paint the wall.Ella te vio pintar la pared (acabarla)
start empezar	No hay diferencia de significado importante entre -ing o infinitivo. -You should start doing something. Deberías empezar a hacer algo.	No hay mucha diferencia de significado entre -ing y el infinitivo.-You should start to do something. Deberías empezar a hacer algo.
stop parar, dejar de	Se utiliza -ING para indicar que dejamos de realizar una acción ( hábito.) She stopped smoking last June. Ella dejó de fumar el pasado mes de junio. Mira la diferencia entre: Stop killing our people Stop to kill our people(!)	Se utiliza el INFINITIVO cuando se detiene la acción. She stopped to call me. . Ella se detuvo para llamarme.
teach enseñar	Se refiere a materias de estudio. -She teaches reading comprehension. Ella enseña comprensión de lectura.	Se refiere al resultado de ese estudio.-She taught me to read well.Ella me enseñó a leer bien.
try intentar	Significa que queremos/queríamos intentar ver qué ocurre si realizamos una determinada acción -I tried calling her four times but I didn't succeed.Intenté llamarla cuatro veces, pero no tuve éxito.	Podemos utilizar -ing o infinitivo para hablar de intentar realizar un esfuerzo. -You should try todo/doing it. Debes intentar hacerlo.
watch observar, mirar, ver	Nos referimos a una acción que se prolonga en el tiempo.Ver hear,see -He watched you playing football. Él te vio jugando fútbol.	Nos referimos a una acción que empezó y acabó. -He watched you play football. Él te vio jugar al fútbol.

 

Common Verbs Followed by an Infinitive

 

Example:	I	refuse	to lie	to my customers.
		Verb	Infinitive

afford	come	hesitate	prefer	swear
agree	consent	hope	prepare	tend
appear	continue	hurry	pretend	threaten
arrange	dare	incline	profess	turn out
ask	decide	intend	promise	venture
attempt	deserve	learn	prove	volunteer
begin	determine	like	refuse	want
can’t afford	elect	long	request	wish
can’t bear	endeavor	love	resolve	would like
can’t stand	expect	manage	say	yearn
can’t wait	fail	mean	seek
care	get	need	seem
chance	grow up	offer	shudder
choose	guarantee	pay	start
claim	hate	plan	strive

Verb Lists: Infinitives and Gerunds

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game.
agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend	consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen	have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect	offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say	shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive Everyone expected her to win.
advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge	choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force	have hire instruct invite lead leave let like	love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise	remind require send teach tell urge want warn
Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used without an object.

Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat.
admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider	delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse	finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss	permit postpone practice quit recall report resent	resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund We concentrated on doing well.
admit to approve of argue about believe in care about complain about concentrate on confess to	depend on disapprove of discourage from dream about feel like forget about insist on object to	plan on prevent (someone) from refrain from succeed in talk about think about worry about

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Grammar & exercises 

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/allexercises/grammar/grammar-verb-ing_and_verb-infinitive.asp

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verbs-followed-infinitive

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/infinitive-gerund

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/lang/es/allexercises/grammar/grammar-verb-ing_and_verb-infinitive.asp

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-19903.php

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/gerund_infinitiv.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/index.htm      (INTERMEDIATE TO ADVANCED)


http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=5788


http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-m_infinitive-ing_quiz.htm